An indirect Z-scheme heterostructure of nano-gold layer immobilized Cu-Al-doped SrTiO3 and CoOx-WO3 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Abstract

Perovskite oxides have emerged as promising photocatalysts for CO2 reduction to valuable chemicals and fuels. However, conventional perovskite oxide photocatalysts often suffer from inefficient charge separation and bulk charge recombination, negatively impacting overall photoactivity. In this work, we present a novel immobilized perovskite oxide-based photocatalyst sheet featuring an indirect Z-scheme heterostructure composed of Cu-loaded Al-doped SrTiO3 (Cu-ASTO) and CoOx-loaded WO3 (CoOx-WO3) with an ultrathin (20 nm) gold interlayer serving as a conductive bridge. We tested this photocatalyst sheet in a sealed reactor containing a CO2-saturated aqueous solution of 0.1 M NaHCO3 and a side window to allow irradiation. Under irradiation with a 300 W Xe lamp, the Cu-ASTO/Au/CoOx-WO3 immobilized photocatalyst sheet produced methane (CH4) at a rate of 2.676 µmol cm-2 h−1 and methanol (CH3OH) at 0.517 µmol cm-2 h−1. We attribute the superior activity of this catalyst to the all-solid-state indirect Z-scheme heterostructure that greatly extends the lifespan of photoinduced charge carriers and enhances the CO2 photoconversion reaction. In experiments conducted outside, we demonstrated the immobilized photocatalyst's performance under natural sunlight, producing CH4 at 0.307 µmol cm-2 h−1 and CH3OH at 0.069 µmol cm-2 h−1. This work provides design ideas for developing robust immobilized photocatalyst systems for the scalable operation of the CO2 photoreduction process and broadening the scope of applications for perovskite heterostructure photocatalysts.