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Abstract
Microbial communities in the endosphere of Salicaceae plants, poplar (Populus trichocarpa) and willow (Salix sitchensis), have been demonstrated to be important for plant growth promotion, protection from biotic and abiotic stresses, and degradation of toxic compounds. Our study aimed to investigate bio-control activities of Salicaceae endophytes against various soil borne plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, Fusarium culmorum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and Pythium ultimum. Additionally, different plant growth promoting traits such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production were assessed in all bio-control positive strains. Burkholderia, Rahnella, Pseudomonas, and Curtobacterium were major endophyte genera that showed bio-control activities in the in-vitro assays. The bio-control activities of Burkholderia strains were stronger across all tested plant pathogens as compared to other stains. Genomes of sequenced Burkholderia strains WP40 and WP42 were surveyed to identify the putative genes involved in the bio-control activities. The ocf and hcnABC gene clusters responsible for biosynthesis of the anti-fungal metabolites, occidiofungin and hydrogen cyanide, are present in the genomes of WP40 and WP42. Nearly all endophyte strains showing the bio-control activities produced IAA, solubilized tricalcium phosphate, and synthesized siderophores in the culture medium. Moreover, some strains reduced acetylene into ethylene in the acetylene reduction assay, a common assay used for BNF. Salicaceae endophytes could be useful for bio-control of various plant pathogens, and plant growth promotion possibly through the mechanisms of BNF, IAA production, and nutrient acquisition.
Highlights
Biotic stress, especially due to pathogenic microorganisms, causes major crop losses worldwide which is equivalent to nearly $220 billion lost every year (Chakraborty and Newton, 2011)
The objectives of this study were to explore the capabilities of Salicaceae endophytes to control the in vitro growth of several soil borne plant pathogens including R. solani AG-8, Fusarium culmorum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and Pythium ultimum
We characterized the bio-control potential of Salicaceae endophytes including other microbial properties, which are associated with plant growth promotion
Summary
Especially due to pathogenic microorganisms, causes major crop losses worldwide which is equivalent to nearly $220 billion lost every year (Chakraborty and Newton, 2011). Growers often rely on a variety of chemicals to control these plant pathogens; such widespread use comes at both economic and environmental costs, causing undesirable. The use of microbial organisms to manage plant diseases, termed bio-control, offers an environmentally-friendly and more sustainable replacement to the chemical pesticides. Several past studies demonstrated that endophytes have the potential to control many plant diseases caused by different plant pathogens (Ryan et al, 2008; Compant et al, 2010). Endophytic bacteria including Aureobacterium, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Phyllobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia recovered from host plants or seeds showed antagonistic activities against the plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Verticillium dahlia and many other fungi (Chen et al, 1995; Rybakova et al, 2016)
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