Abstract
Recently, an innovative gluten detoxification method called Gluten FriendlyTM (GF) has been developed. It induces structural modifications, which abolish the antigenic capacity of gluten and reduce the in vitro immunogenicity of the most common epitopes involved in celiac disease, without compromising the nutritional and technological properties. This study investigated the in vitro effects of GF bread (GFB) on the fecal microbiota from healthy and celiac individuals by a three-stage continuous fermentative system, which simulates the colon (vessel 1, proximal colon; vessel 2, transverse colon; and vessel 3, distal colon), as well as on the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate). The system was fed with GFB and the changes in microbiota through fluorescence in situ hybridization and in SCFA content were assessed. GFB exerted beneficial modulations such as bifidogenic effects in each compartment of the model both with healthy- and celiac-derived samples, as well as growth in Clostridium clusters XIVa+b in celiac-derived samples. Furthermore, increased levels of acetic acid were found in vessel 1 inoculated with the fecal microbiota of healthy individuals, as well as acetic and propionic in vessel 1 and 2 with celiac-derived samples. In addition, the use of multivariate approaches showed that the supplementation of GFB could result in a different modulation of the fecal microbiota and SCFA, as a function of initial equilibrium.
Highlights
The composition and the metabolism of human microbiota play crucial roles in human health
Changes in the bacterial composition are in Figure 2; these results focused on the global effect of GF bread (GFB), without considering a possible variability linked to donors
A significant increase in numbers of bacteria within the Bifidobacterium genus was found; fecal microbiota of celiac donors showed a significant increase in this population from 8.42 to 8.90 log CFU/mL (p < 0.05) and from 8.60 to 9.20 log CFU/mL (p < 0.05) in vessel 2 (V2) and vessel 3 (V3), respectively, transverse and distal colon
Summary
The composition and the metabolism of human microbiota play crucial roles in human health. Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract varies widely, with the large intestine having the highest density of microbes in terms of bacterial cells per gram and the most metabolically active organ (Turnbaugh et al, 2006). Mode of birth, infant feeding patterns, antibiotic usage, sanitary living conditions, and long-term dietary habits contribute to shaping the composition of the gut microbiome. The fermentative and (anaerobic) respiratory bacterial metabolism of dietary components produces an extraordinary chemical diversity in the large intestine with protective (e.g., short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) or detrimental (e.g., hydrogen sulfite, phenol, p-cresol, or bile acids) effects on the disease development (Flint, 2012). Identification of a core microbiome is important for defining a “normal” healthy state from which major variations may indicate a dysbiotic system that can result from or contribute to disease development
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