Abstract
BackgroundParamphistomosis is a pathogenic disease of domesticated ruminants, causing great economic loss in dairy industry and meat production. It is considered as a neglected tropical disease with highest prevalence throughout tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. There are few trematocidal drugs available in the market. Most are resistant and have elevated side effects. Therefore, alternative trematocidal drugs need to discover. This study was conducted to evaluate three plants leaf extracts (from Senna alata, S. alexandrina, and S. occidentalis) as effective remedies against gastrointestinal trematode parasite (Paramphistomum gracile) of ruminants. Live adult parasites were collected in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) from fresh autopsied goat’s rumen. Parasites were incubated in leaf extracts of S. alata, S. alexandrina and, S. occidentalis individually and in combination (1:1) ratio at 37 ± 1°C. Treatment media contain extracts at different concentrations (10, 20 and 40 mg/mL) in 10 mL of 0.1 M PBS with 1% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Parasites in control group were incubated in PBS without extract. The efficacy of three Senna extracts was evaluated on the basis of dose-dependent motility and mortality of the trematode. Immediately after paralysis, all treated parasites were collected for histology, SEM and biochemical study.ResultsDose-dependent efficacy was observed in terms of motility and time of mortality in all treated parasites after exposure in various concentrations of the Senna plant extracts. S. occidentalis and S. alexandrina showed better efficacy in combination than comparing with individual treatment groups. Histological study and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed conspicuous deformity of surface architecture in all treated parasites. Scanning electron micrographs also revealed shrinkage, vacuolization, infoldings and blebbings on the body surface of treated worms. Activities of tegumental enzymes were inhibited in all treatment groups compared to control.ConclusionThe overall findings from this study revealed that all three Senna leaf extracts individually and in combination showed potential antitrematocidal activity against Paramphistomum gracile by damaging body tegument and neural propagation. Thus, this study confirmed that all three Senna extracts can be considered as a potential drug-like candidate in indigenous system of traditional medicine against trematode infections in livestock.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Paramphistomosis is a pathogenic disease of domesticated ruminants, causing great economic loss in dairy industry and meat production
In vitro motility assessment The results indicate that the parasites were paralyzed and death occurred after incubation in different concentrations of three Senna extracts with high significant value (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1)
The present study showed maximum efficacy observed in Senna alata extract compared to Senna occidentalis and Senna alexandrina
Summary
Paramphistomosis is a pathogenic disease of domesticated ruminants, causing great economic loss in dairy industry and meat production It is considered as a neglected tropical disease with highest prevalence throughout tropical and subtropical regions, in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. This study was conducted to evaluate three plants leaf extracts (from Senna alata, S. alexandrina, and S. occidentalis) as effective remedies against gastrointestinal trematode parasite (Paramphistomum gracile) of ruminants. Paramphistomosis is a neglected parasitic disease of ruminants caused by one of the most common trematode parasites Paramphistomum sp It has a worldwide geographical distribution with the highest prevalence in different regions of tropical and subtropical regions, in Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe [1,2,3,4]. Migration of adult worms in duodenal mucosa causes severe enteritis, possibly organ tissue destruction, and tissue hemorrhage that are responsible for anorexia, polydipsia, unthriftiness, muscle fibrosis, severe diarrhea, and ultimate mortality [1]
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