Abstract
BackgroundThe regeneration of periodontal bone defect remains a vital clinical challenge. To date, numerous biomaterials have been applied in this field. However, the immune response and vascularity in defect areas may be key factors that are overlooked when assessing the bone regeneration outcomes of biomaterials. Among various regenerative therapies, the up-to-date strategy of in situ tissue engineering stands out, which combined scaffold with specific growth factors that could mimic endogenous regenerative processes.ResultsHerein, we fabricated a core/shell fibrous scaffold releasing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a sequential manner and investigated its immunomodulatory and angiogenic properties during periodontal bone defect restoration. The in situ tissue engineering scaffold (iTE-scaffold) effectively promoted the angiogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and induced macrophage polarization into pro-healing M2 phenotype to modulate inflammation. The immunomodulatory effect of macrophages could further promote osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro. After being implanted into the periodontal bone defect model, the iTE-scaffold presented an anti-inflammatory response, provided adequate blood supply, and eventually facilitated satisfactory periodontal bone regeneration.ConclusionsOur results suggested that the iTE-scaffold exerted admirable effects on periodontal bone repair by modulating osteoimmune environment and angiogenic activity. This multifunctional scaffold holds considerable promise for periodontal regenerative medicine and offers guidance on designing functional biomaterials.Graphic
Highlights
The regeneration of periodontal bone defect remains a vital clinical challenge
Characterization of the fibrous scaffolds The scaffold without growth factor (GF)-loading, was defined as pristine scaffold (P-scaffold), while iTE-scaffold represented the scaffold with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in PLLA core and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in PLGA shell
The characteristic spectra of P-scaffold and iTE-scaffold resembled those of PLLA and PLGA mixture, and these results revealed that the electrospinning process had no significant effect on the chemical properties, excluded the influence of the diversity of material surface properties on cellular regulation [23]
Summary
The regeneration of periodontal bone defect remains a vital clinical challenge. To date, numerous biomaterials have been applied in this field. The immune response and vascularity in defect areas may be key factors that are overlooked when assessing the bone regeneration outcomes of biomaterials. Angiogenesis is indispensable for bone homeostasis and repair since new blood vessels bring nutrients but act as the pathway for inflammatory cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and bone precursor cells to support injured bone repair [8, 9]. It is still of great scientific value to pay attention to immunomodulation and vascularization during the initial process of periodontal bone repair
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