Abstract
This paper provides an extensive review of the material characteristics in the context of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP), encompassing both the initial stages (fresh state) and the long-term performances. In the first part of the paper there are presented the recent advancements, relevant in comprehending the early-stage behavior of 3D printed concrete. The early-stage characteristics are vital for ensuring the stability and precision of the printing process in its formative stages. Subsequently, the mechanical properties, once the 3D concrete has hardened, are presented and discussed in conjunction with various approaches to incorporate reinforcement. Finally, there are indicated valuable insights and future research directions regarding optimization strategies for 3DCP, to enhance its durability over time
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