Abstract
In intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks, sensor data generated at sensor nodes should be delivered to a sink node using opportunistic contacts between intermittently connected nodes. Since there is no stable end-to-end routing path from a source node to a sink node in intermittently connected network, an opportunistic routing protocol to deliver sensor data efficiently is needed. In this paper, an improved opportunistic routing protocol is proposed, where both current delivery predictability and maximum delivery predictability are used together to decide whether sensor data should be forwarded or not to a contact node. The proposed protocol can reduce buffer overflow and thus increase the delivery ratio, which is one of the most important performance measures in delay tolerant wireless sensor networks. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared with that of PRoPHET protocol and FREAK protocol, by varying buffer sizes and the number of nodes, in terms of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and delivery latency. Performance analysis results show that the proposed protocol has better delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and delivery latency than the PRoPHET protocol and FREAK protocol have, in most considered parameter values, with appropriate selection of message dissemination thresholds.
Highlights
In intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks, conventional wireless sensor network protocols cannot be used directly for sensor data delivery from a sensor node to a sink node since there is no stable end-toend routing path between them
We consider a disaster environment as an example scenario, where communication infrastructure is destroyed, so that sensor data should be delivered through intermediate nodes such as pedestrian, car, and tram via opportunistic contact. en, we focus on the problem of how to efficiently deliver sensor data to a sink
Delivery predictabilities for all other nodes are calculated continuously, as in the PRoPHET protocol, and the maximum value of the delivery predictability for each node is updated. is maximum value is defined as maximum delivery predictability, in contrast to the current delivery predictability defined in PRoPHET [8]. By using both the current value and the maximum value of delivery predictability together, we propose an efficient routing protocol in intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks. e rationale behind the proposed protocol is that history information of delivery predictability can help to find a better node to forward a message
Summary
In intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks, conventional wireless sensor network protocols cannot be used directly for sensor data delivery from a sensor node to a sink node since there is no stable end-toend routing path between them. In [21], an energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks was proposed, where messages are forwarded based on the node’s remaining battery, delivery predictability, and type of nodes. In these studies [16,17,18,19,20,21], most proposed routing protocols for delay tolerant wireless sensor networks use currently developed basic delay tolerant networks protocols, and wireless sensor networks are considered as an application area for applying the delay tolerant networks protocol using opportunistic contacts.
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