Abstract
In this study, two green procedures for Silver-Graphene Oxide (Ag-GO) nanocomposite synthesis were investigated. As a common method, AgNO3 was first loaded on the GO surface and then was reduced and stabilized by walnut green husk extract, producing Ag-GO-І. As an innovative approach, GO was first exposed to the extract and then the AgNO3 was added as the second step, producing Ag-GO-П. Physicochemical properties, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity of both nanocomposites were subsequently studied comparing with free silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and pure GO. Based on the results, exposure of GO to the extract, as a reducing agent, at the first/last step of the synthesis process resulted in the fundamental differences in the final products. So that, high amounts of agglomerated silver nanoparticles were formed between the GO sheets, when using the common method, whereas in Ag-GO-П, small AgNPs were formed on the GO sheets without aggregation, entirely covering the sheets. Antibacterial and cytotoxic behavior of these nanomaterials could be compared as AgNPs > Ag-GO-П > Ag-GO-І. It is assumed that these differences are due to control of unwanted nucleation in the synthesis process that Ag nanoparticles are smaller with less agglomeration when the GO surfaces are pre-treated with reducing agent.
Highlights
A wide range of attempts has been made to present novel procedures based on green chemistry principles[13]
graphene oxide (GO) was first exposed to the reducing agent and the silver nitrate was added as the second step producing (Ag-GO-П)
The results of this study revealed that the order of the steps in the Ag-GO nanocomposites fabrication could be influential in the size and spatial formation of Ag nanoparticle on the GO surface
Summary
A wide range of attempts has been made to present novel procedures based on green chemistry principles[13] In this approach, natural and non-toxic agents, such as the plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and unicellular microorganisms are applied as the reducing and stabilizing agents in the process of nanoparticle’s production[14]. Linh et al used glucose, as a green reducing and a crosslinking agent, by a one-pot hydrothermal process to produce Ag nanoparticle with size about 50–100 nm that decorated rGO38. Anyway, compared with these previous reports, in the present study walnut green husk extract just used as reducing and stabilizing agent. Physicochemical properties, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity of both nanocomposites were subsequently studied
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