Abstract
We report an improved method of fabricating a variable focus lens in which an in-plane pretension force is applied to a membrane. This method realized a lens with a large optical aperture and high performance in a low-optical-power region. The method was verified by comparing membranes in a simulation using the finite element method. A prototype with a 26 mm-diameter aperture was fabricated, and the wavefront behavior was measured by using a Shack-Hartmann sensor. Thanks to the in-plane pretension force, the lens achieved an infinite focal length with a wavefront error of 105.1 nm root mean square.
Highlights
To realize focus shifting with traditional lenses, which are made of solid materials and have fixed optical properties, two or more lenses cooperate with each other
The liquid–liquid interface formed by two immiscible liquids can act as a lens refractive surface, and the shape of the refractive surface can be controlled by fluid pressure [8,9], electro-wetting [11], or dielectrophoretic effect [12,13]
A fluid pressure liquid lens is driving under a typical mechanism that pumping liquid in and out of the lens chamber which changes the curvature of the liquid-liquid interface, in turn, the focal length could be controlled [8,9]
Summary
To realize focus shifting with traditional lenses, which are made of solid materials and have fixed optical properties, two or more lenses cooperate with each other. Liquid-filled variable focus lenses are based on physical deformation of the refractive surfaces, which changes their curvature. Examples include liquid–air lenses [4,5,6,7], which are capable of high response speed and high optical performance If this kind of lens is oriented vertically and its aperture is large, the lens profile might become asymmetrically deformed due to the effect of gravity. The liquid–liquid interface formed by two immiscible liquids can act as a lens refractive surface, and the shape of the refractive surface can be controlled by fluid pressure [8,9], electro-wetting [11], or dielectrophoretic effect [12,13].
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