An Improved Finite Element Model for Numerical Simulation of Phase Changes of Iron Under Extreme Conditions

Abstract

AbstractIn this chapter an improved finite element model for numerical simulation of phase changes of iron is presented, which is capable of simulating iron construction behaviour under extreme conditions that include large strains/large deformations at high strain rates and temperatures. The model is based on an improved variational formulation of the conservation of energy with convective heat transfer. It employs the updated Lagrangian formulation and uses the extended NoIHKH material model for cyclic plasticity of metals. It also uses the Kelvin–Voigt model for internal damping, the Jaumann objective rate in the Cauchy’s stress update calculation and simplified rate forms of the Mehl-Avrami and Koisten-Marburger equations for ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite and the retaining austenite phase calculation. A numerical experiment using a cooled bar in cyclic bending is presented and briefly discussed. KeywordsFEMThermal-structural analysisPhase changesCyclic plasticity of metalsUpdated Lagrangian formulation