An improved beam splitting method for intensity modulated proton therapy

Abstract

The pencil beam algorithm (PBA) has become the predominant dose calculation method in proton therapy, due to its high level of efficiency. However, density heterogeneity decreases the accuracy of PBA. To improve PBA’s accuracy, a beam splitting method is used to divide the original scanning beam into multiple thinner beamlets. Beam splitting should ensure that the beamlets’ summed fluence is as close to the original beam fluence as possible, while keeping the spatial variance of beamlets small, and minimizing the number of beamlets. In this work, the generalized differential evolution (GDE) algorithm is utilized for the optimal scheme. Under reasonable constraints for the radius and weight of beamlets, several schemes are optimized via the GDE algorithm. In order to achieve a trade-off between accuracy and calculation speed, three hexagon-based schemes, which split the original beam into 7, 13, and 19 beamlets, respectively, are proposed and compared with the scheme of Raystation 4.5. The fluence distribution calculated by the schemes with 13 beamlets and 19 beamlets are demonstrated to be more accurate than the Raystation scheme, which has 19 beamlets, with a maximum absolute difference between the summed beamlets fluence and the original beam fluence of 2.12%, and 0.93%, respectively. Furthermore, beam splitting schemes are implemented into a proton dose calculation algorithm based on the KylinRay-IMPT TPS. These schemes, based on the dose algorithm, are compared with the Monte Carlo program TOPAS 3.2 in slab geometry with lateral heterogeneity. The dose, calculated by the dose algorithm using a scheme of 13 beamlets, shows a good agreement with the dose from TOPAS. In addition, an abdominal geometry is used for further verification. Gamma analysis passing rates greater than 99.7% are observed, with a 2%/2 mm criterion. Thus, the accuracy and effectiveness of the improved beam splitting method are preliminarily verified.