Abstract
IEEE 802.15.5 standard introduces the mesh routing which improves reliability and robustness of routing in wireless sensor network since there are multiple routes from source node to destination node. To achieve energy efficiency for a long network lifetime, the asynchronous energy saving is proposed in IEEE 802.15.5, which includes the receiver-initiated unicast mechanism and the sender-initiated broadcast mechanism. In this article, an improved asynchronous energy saving named semi-synchronous energy saving is proposed to deal with the energy inefficiency from idle listening existing in asynchronous energy saving. In semi-synchronous energy saving, every node maintains the wake/sleep schedule information of nodes in its two-hop neighborhood and uses this information to calculate the wake-up time of an interested neighbor that the data will be sent to, which reduces idle listening time in both unicast and broadcast mechanisms. A low delay routing mechanism is also proposed based on the wake/sleep schedule information of neighbors. Furthermore, the optimal guard time to guarantee receiving the wake-up notification from neighbor in the presence of clock drift is investigated for saving energy. The performance analysis and simulation evaluation show that semi-synchronous energy saving saves more than 80% of energy with less than 30% memory cost compared to asynchronous energy saving, and it also improves the time of completing broadcast and the end-to-end delay.
Highlights
Wireless sensor network (WSN), which consists of nodes with low power, short radio range, weak process capacity, and limited memory size, has been widely used in military, industrial, habitat monitoring, environmental protection, and other areas.[1]
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks topologies; the framework constitutes two parts: lowrate mesh and high-rate mesh networks. Considering the former is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard which is widely adopted in WSNs, we focus on the low-rate mesh network in this article
Compared to the original broadcast mechanism of the asynchronous energy saving (ASES), the improved broadcast mechanism has the following advantages: (1) the broadcasting node only keeps awake for a short period for each neighbor and only needs to perform several eEREQ/EREP message exchange with its neighbors, and in the rest time, the sender can turn off the radio to save energy, which reduces the sender’s energy consumption; (2) after finishing eEREQ/EREP message exchange, a receiver can turn off the radio and only needs to wake up slightly earlier than the notified broadcast time, which decreases the idle listening time of the receiver; and (3) the sending node does not need to wait for a period longer than one wake-up interval (WI) before broadcasting data frame, which improves the broadcast efficiency
Summary
Wireless sensor network (WSN), which consists of nodes with low power, short radio range, weak process capacity, and limited memory size, has been widely used in military, industrial, habitat monitoring, environmental protection, and other areas.[1]. There exists a shortcoming in tree-based routing that failure in a branch node prevents its descendant nodes from delivering their data to the sink. In the sender-initiated broadcast mechanism, when a node has data to broadcast, it enters the active state at once and transmits extension request (EREQ) frames for longer than one duty cycle to call all neighbors awake, which makes the receivers keeping idle listening for long time and leads to considerable energy wastage. Unlike IEEE 802.15.5, which works on top of MAC layer, they work at the MAC layer and are not compatible with IEEE 802.15.5 To remedy these drawbacks, we propose an improved ASES mechanism, named Semi-SES, which achieves large performance gains with a small extension to the standard.
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