Abstract

Distributed video coding (DVC) is an emerging video coding paradigm designed to allow low-complexity compression by resource-constrained video sensor nodes in wireless video sensor networks (WVSN). Several DVC architectures have been proposed in literature but there are hardly any security mechanisms designed to validate the integrity and authenticity of the decoded video. In this paper, we propose a novel, low-complexity, blind, and imperceptible video watermarking scheme based on DVC for WVSNs. The watermark information is embedded into key frames under selected GOP (Group of Pictures) configurations. Considering the information-intensive yet resource-constrained WVSN environment, the proposed scheme aims to limit the impact of watermark embedding complexity by hiding the secret information using non-zero quantized AC coefficients. We implemented the proposed watermarking scheme for a DVC based codec and evaluated its processing complexity (encoding/decoding). We also evaluated the average normalized correlation between the embedded and extracted watermarks for different video sequences by varying the redundancy in embedding.

Highlights

  • Recent technological advancements in low-cost miniaturized video sensors and wireless communications are enabling the development of video-enabled wireless sensor networks for real-time applications such as video-assisted navigation, critical infrastructure surveillance, and health monitoring

  • We proposed a novel, low complexity, blind, and imperceptible watermarking scheme for wireless video sensor network (WVSN) based on Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding, which is one of the most popular distributed video coding (DVC) techniques

  • To the best of our knowledge, there exists only a single work by Ning et al (7) on a DVC based video watermarking scheme where the watermark is embedded into least significant bits (LSB) of selected discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of each key frame

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Summary

Introduction

Recent technological advancements in low-cost miniaturized video sensors and wireless communications are enabling the development of video-enabled wireless sensor networks for real-time applications such as video-assisted navigation, critical infrastructure surveillance, and health monitoring. In a WVSN, several battery-operated video sensing nodes with limited on-board processing and wireless communication functionality are used to capture, compress and transmit compressed video data from their surroundings to a centralized location (base-station) over single or multi-hop environment Such application architectures require a low-complexity encoding module that can enhance the lifetime of the sensing devices and the lifetime of the entire network. DVC is a video coding technology that matches well with uplink application architectures, as it relocates the processing complexity from the encoder to the decoder (or intermediate transcoder), resulting in simpler and less energy consuming encoders to be used while maintaining a compression ratio comparable to that of conventional codecs(4) This is made possible by exploiting source statistics on the decoder which eventually transforms encoder into a simple and low-complexity module (5-6). The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 covers the only available related work, Section 3 introduces the proposed watermarking scheme, Section 4 shows the experimental setup for the evaluated results and discusses the presented results, and Section 5 concludes the paper with some suggestions for the future research

Related Work
Proposed Scheme
Embedding Algorithm
Hashing Algorithm
Detection Algorithm
Capacity and Imperceptibility
Encoding and Decoding Complexity
Findings
Conclusions
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