An FeP/carbon composite derived from a phytic acid-Fe3+ complex for sulfathiazole degradation through peroxymonosulfate activation

Abstract

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation-based advanced oxidation technology possesses great potential for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment. Herein, we developed an iron phosphide/carbon composite and verified its capability and superiority towards a model antibiotic pollutant (sulfathiazole, STZ) degradation through PMS activation. Benefiting from the chelating ability of phytic acid (PA) with metal ions and its abundance on phosphorous element, a PA-Fe3+ complex was firstly formed and then served as sole precursor for iron phosphide formation by anoxic pyrolysis. Well crystalized FeP particle were found loading on the simultaneously formed thin layer carbon structure. Catalytic activity evaluation showed that FeP/carbon composite could remove over 99% of STZ (20 mg L−1) in 20 min adsorption and 30 min catalysis process under the reaction conditions of catalyst dosage 0.2 g L−1, PMS loading 0.15 g L−1. A pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant of 0.2193 min−1 was obtained, which was among the highest compared with reported studies. Further investigations indicated that the developed FeP/carbon composite worked well in a wide solution pH range of 3–9. Reaction mechanism study showed that reactive species of SO4−• and 1O2 generated from PMS activation played major roles for STZ degradation. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis, a few STZ degradation intermediate products were identified, which facilitated the proposal of STZ degradation pathways. The possible ecological risk of STZ and related degradation intermediates were also considered by toxicity assessment using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) Class Program. The obtained acute and chronic toxicity values implied the relatively low ecological risk of FeP/carbon-PMS reaction system for STZ treatment.