An Extensive Review on the Exploration of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and its Associated Infections

Abstract

Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are common and remain a significant public health problem. The increasing cases of non-typhoidal Salmonella confirmed cases in past years from the United States, Europe, and low-income countries indicated that control programs aimed at inhibiting the contamination of food animals along the food chain had been largely ineffective. The majority of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections are mild gastroenteritis that rarely demands antimicrobial treatment. Salmonella is a gram-negative, multidrug-resistant, facultatively anaerobe bacterium. Salmonella is composed of approximately 2500 serotypes among which Salmonella enterica is responsible for more than 99% of human salmonellosis and morbidity. Salmonella enterica is an enteropathogenic foodborne bacteria isolated from animals that are responsible for zoonotic infections in humans, animals, and birds. Children who are young or immunocompromised, as well as those with underlying health issues like sickle cell disease, are highly susceptible to invasive disease. Antimicrobial treatment might be needed in case of invasive infections like meningitis, bacteremia, and osteomyelitis. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in non-typhoidal Salmonella is a worrying concern in the 21st century. This review specifies various non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes infections and their cases.