Abstract
BackgroundGranulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known as a powerful regulator of white blood cell proliferation and differentiation in mammals. We, and others, have shown that G-CSF is effective in treating cerebral ischemia in rodents, both relating to infarct size as well as functional recovery. G-CSF and its receptor are expressed by neurons, and G-CSF regulates apoptosis and neurogenesis, providing a rational basis for its beneficial short- and long-term actions in ischemia. In addition, G-CSF may contribute to re-endothelialisation and arteriogenesis in the vasculature of the ischemic penumbra. In addition to these trophic effects, G-CSF is a potent neuroprotective factor reliably reducing infarct size in different stroke models.ResultsHere, we have further delayed treatment and studied effects of G-CSF on infarct volume in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and functional outcome in the cortical photothrombotic model. In the MCAO model, we applied a single dose of 60 μg/kg bodyweight G-CSF in rats 4 h after onset of ischemia. Infarct volume was determined 24 h after onset of ischemia. In the rat photothrombotic model, we applied 10 μg/kg bodyweight G-CSF daily for a period of 10 days starting either 24 or 72 h after induction of ischemia. G-CSF both decreased acute infarct volume in the MCAO model, and improved recovery in the photothrombotic model at delayed timepoints.ConclusionThese data further strengthen G-CSF's profile as a unique candidate stroke drug, and provide an experimental basis for application of G-CSF in the post-stroke recovery phase.
Highlights
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known as a powerful regulator of white blood cell proliferation and differentiation in mammals
Others, have shown that GCSF is effective in treating cerebral ischemia in rodents, both relating to infarct size as well as functional recovery
In the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we applied a single dose of 60 μg/kg bodyweight GCSF in rats 4 h after onset of ischemia
Summary
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known as a powerful regulator of white blood cell proliferation and differentiation in mammals. BMC Biology 2006, 4:36 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/4/36 apoptotic activity on neurons [5,6,13] mediated by the presence of the cognate G-CSF receptor in a broad array of brain regions [14], stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis [14], regeneration of vascularisation [8], potential mobilisation of bone-marrow derived cells that migrate to the brain [11,12], and possible systemic anti-inflammatory effects ([15], discussed in [14]) Characterised by this multimodal array, G-CSF appears beneficial for short-term damage parameters such as infarct size, and long-term effects on functional outcome (for example, see [6]). We further explore the window of opportunity for GCSF treatment in firstly, the most accepted model for evaluating neuroprotective effects, rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and secondly, the cortical photothrombotic stroke model for detecting effects on longterm functional outcome
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