An Exploration of Some Parameters Affecting Classical Conditioning in the Neonate

Abstract

Experiments are reported on the classical conditioning of the Babkin reflex in neonates. A study by Kaye which employed a kinesthetic conditioning stimulus (CS) was replicated. Because of the close ontogenetic relationship between the innervation of the hand and the oral region, a stronger test of conditioning was undertaken using an auditory CS. It was found that the consistency of the results could be improved by imposing greater control over the external environment. A considerable amount of the variability in responsiveness which remained could be accounted for by the behavioral state of the baby at the beginning of the experimental procedures. The problem of state and its importance in the study of neonatal behavior is discussed. Recent research has indicated that there has been a tendency to underrate the behavioral capabilities of the newborn through the use of techniques which are either inappropriate or unreliable. Brackbill and Koltsova (1967) point out that many of the earlier studies, by using only aversive stimuli, overestimated the age at which instrumental conditioning could first be achieved. Similarly, Lipsitt (1966), in reviewing work on the learning processes of newborns, reports that the use of improved techniques makes it possible to establish classical conditioning much earlier than had been supposed. The use of techniques developed from work with mature organisms presents certain difficulties when applied to the newborn, since negative results may reflect inappropriate tech