Abstract
An experimental three-stage subsurface flow constructed wetland system was investigated for the removal of nutrient and organic matter from primary-treated domestic wastewater. Built in the Turkey Scientific and Technical Research Council-Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Turkey (Istanbul), the system consisted of a vertical flow-gravel filtration in the first stage, a horizontal-subsurface flow bed vegetated with Iris in the second stage, and a vertical-subsurface flow bed vegetated Phragmites in the third stage. Wastewater was recycled from the vertical bed to the horizontal one at a ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. The study aimed at evaluating the effects of the loading rates and seasonal changes, effects of recycling and rapid drainage, plant uptake, and the effectiveness of the system in the removal of organic matter and nutrients. The average removal efficiencies were high in summer periods. The results show that the average removal efficiencies increased depending on decrease in hydraulic loading rate and increase in recycle ratio. The relationships between the loading rate and the removal rate were linear.
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