Abstract
Purpose: Cartilage shows neither repairs nor regenerative properties after trauma or gradual wear and causes severe pain due to bones rubbing. Bioprinting of tissue-engineered artificial cartilage is one of the most fast-growing sciences in this area that can help millions of people against this disease.Methods: Bioprinting of proper bioscaffolds for cartilage repair was the main goal of this study. The bioprinting process was achieved by a novel composition consisting of alginate (AL), Halloysite nanotube (HNT), and methylcellulose (MC) prepared in bio-ink. Also, the effect of Russian olive (RO) in chondrocytes growth on bioscaffolds was also investigated in this work. Compressive, hardness and viscosity tests, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), water-soluble Tetrazolium (WST) assay, and also transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out.Results: The results show that in constant concentrations of AL, MC, and RO (20 mg/ml AL, 20 mg/ml MC, and 10 mg/ml RO) when concentration of HNT increased from 10 mg/ml (T-7) to 20 mg/ml (T-8) compressive stiffness increased from 241±45 kPa to 500.66±19.50 kPa. Also, 20 mg/ml of AL in composition saved proper water content for chondrocyte growth and produced good viscosity properties for a higher printing resolution.Conclusion: RO increased chondrocytes living cell efficiency by 11% on bioprinted scaffolds in comparison with the control group without RO. Results obtained through in-vivo studies were similar to those of in-vitro studies. According to the results, T-7 bio-ink has good potential in bioprinting of scaffolds in cartilage repairs.
Highlights
The goal of tissue engineering is to produce bioscaffolds with good tolerance against existing mechanical forces and biocompatible properties such as living tissues without any toxicity.[1,2,3] Bioprinting process is one of the best methods to produce bioscaffolds with living cells
Bio-ink containing 30 mg/ml alginate, 50 mg/ml Halloysite nanotube (HNT), and 30 mg/ml methylcellulose solutions show the best performance in bioprinting and saved the printing shape very well
Bioprinting of alginate/HNT/methylcellulose with Russian olive (RO) powder was performed in this study
Summary
The goal of tissue engineering is to produce bioscaffolds with good tolerance against existing mechanical forces and biocompatible properties such as living tissues without any toxicity.[1,2,3] Bioprinting process is one of the best methods to produce bioscaffolds with living cells. The challenges in bioprinting are producing proper biomaterial that can increase the cell living efficiency besides its good mechanical properties similar to living tissues and suitable properties for highresolution printing such as proper viscosity.[5] Alginate (AL) as a compound with good properties during the bioprinting process such as satisfactory mechanical properties and proper compressive modulus can be used in knee cartilage repairs.[6] AL changes to a stable hydrogel through ionic interaction between carboxyl groups of alginate and Ca2+.7,8. Methylcellulose (Mc) as a favorable material for cell culture and scaffolding could increase bioprinting efficiency.[12] Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit and seed powder are traditionally used for the healing of knee and cartilage defects.[13,14] Russian olive (RO) fruit contains sugar, vitamins
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