Abstract
A better understanding of the atomized rain characteristics in low ambient pressure areas is beneficial in reducing the jeopardizing effect of flood discharge atomization on high-altitude hydropower stations. A random splash experiment is designed with two measurement planes to investigate the effects of low ambient pressure on downstream atomized rain under the complicated conditions of low ambient pressure (within 0.60P0~1.00P0) and high waterjet velocity (at a magnitude of 10 m/s). The results demonstrate that the atomized rain (rain intensity ≥ 2 mm/h) downstream, characterized by two-dimensional distribution, can be enhanced by decreasing the ambient pressure and by increasing the inflow discharge. When the ambient pressure decreases at the same inflow discharge, both the distance of the rain intensity lines (40 mm/h, 10 mm/h, 2 mm/h) in the horizontal plane from the constricted nozzle outlet and the average rain amount in the inclined plane within the atomized source ratio of ((0~30) × 10−3)% appear as “linear” growth. With the ambient pressure decreasing by 0.10P0, the range of those characteristic rain intensity lines is expanded by 0.68%~1.37%, and the average rain amount is enlarged by 11.06%~20.48%. When keeping the low ambient pressure unchanged, both the point average rain intensity reduction along the releasing centerline and the surface average rain amount growth with increased inflow discharge all follow an exponential function. The aeration reduction in the waterjet boundary and the resistance reduction in atomized water-droplets are contributing factors for the enhancement effect of low ambient pressure. This study can enable the establishment of a foundation to further predict flood discharge atomization in a high-altitude environment.
Highlights
As fundamental infrastructure components of flood control and energy development systems, many large hydraulic projects have been constructed or are under construction globally [1,2,3]
Ρ ρ random splash experiment in the depressurized chamber, in which the waterjet exit velocity is in the w w random splash experiment in the depressurized chamber, in which the waterjet exit velocity is in the order aa 10 release and low pressure is reduced from approximately
The links between downstream atomized rain and low ambient pressure are investigated by the random splash experiment in the depressurized chamber, in which the waterjet exit velocity is in the order of a 10 m/s release and the low ambient pressure is reduced from approximately 1.00P0 to 0.60P0
Summary
As fundamental infrastructure components of flood control and energy development systems, many large hydraulic projects have been constructed or are under construction globally [1,2,3]. In surveying global studies on atomized flow, it is found that most hazard sources ariseatomization from strong atomized rain, and major atomized rain sources generated flood discharge occurs in China, especially for hydropower stations withare ski-jump by aerial waterjet collisions and the hydraulic impact of falling waterjets into a water cushion energy dissipation characterized by high heads, high discharge and deep canyons. It has been widely [6]
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