Abstract
Closed cerebral hemorrhage (CCH) is a common symptom in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients who suffer intracranial hemorrhage with the dura mater remaining intact. The diagnosis of CCH patients prior to hospitalization and in the early stage of the disease can help patients get earlier treatments that improve outcomes. In this study, a noncontact, portable system for early TBI-induced CCH detection was constructed that measures the magnetic induction phase shift (MIPS), which is associated with the mean brain conductivity caused by the ratio between the liquid (blood/CSF and the intracranial tissues) change. To evaluate the performance of this system, a rabbit CCH model with two severity levels was established based on the horizontal biological impactor BIM-II, whose feasibility was verified by computed tomography images of three sections and three serial slices. There were two groups involved in the experiments (group 1 with 10 TBI rabbits were simulated by hammer hit with air pressure of 600 kPa by BIM-II and group 2 with 10 TBI rabbits were simulated with 650 kPa). The MIPS values of the two groups were obtained within 30 min before and after injury. In group 1, the MIPS values showed a constant downward trend with a minimum value of −11.17 ± 2.91° at the 30th min after 600 kPa impact by BIM-II. After the 650 kPa impact, the MIPS values in group 2 showed a constant downward trend until the 25th min, with a minimum value of −16.81 ± 2.10°. Unlike group 1, the MIPS values showed an upward trend after that point. Before the injury, the MIPS values in both group 1 and group 2 did not obviously change within the 30 min measurement. Using a support vector machine at the same time point after injury, the classification accuracy of the two types of severity was shown to be beyond 90%. Combined with CCH pathological mechanisms, this system can not only achieve the detection of early functional changes in CCH but can also distinguish different severities of CCH.
Highlights
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a term indicating brain function changes or brain pathological changes caused by external forces acting on the head, which results in both high morbidity and mortality, for people under 45 years of age (Zeiler et al, 2017; Namjoshi et al, 2013)
The peak value of magnetic induction phase shift (MIPS) at all frequency points ranging from 300 kHz to 300 MHz was selected to be the source data for diagnosis, and the frequency point corresponding to the peak value was called characteristic frequency
We made rabbits form two closed cerebral hemorrhage (CCH) severity levels through an impactor verified by computed tomography (CT), which was a way caused TBI closer to reality
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a term indicating brain function changes or brain pathological changes caused by external forces acting on the head, which results in both high morbidity and mortality, for people under 45 years of age (Zeiler et al, 2017; Namjoshi et al, 2013). A TBI occurs every 15 s, generating 1.7 million new brain injury victims per year in the US. These cases are annually responsible for 50,000 deaths and lead to 80,000 individuals with permanent disabilities (Prins et al, 2013). There is a need for early techniques prior to hospitalization to diagnose occult injuries such as CCH from clinical observations
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