Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba L. tree is considered as one of the oldest species on Earth. It is known as a "living fossil" dating back approximately 200 million years. Both the leaves and seeds of this tree have been used for millennia in traditional Chinese medicine. To study the phytochemical profile of Gingko biloba seed extract (GBSE) and its memory enhancing effects. Liquid chromatography with mass detection (LC-MS) was performed for phytochemical analyses of the extracts. For the in vivo experiments, male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 5 groups (n=8): saline; piracetam; GBSE 50; 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w. Y-maze, T-maze, step-down passive avoidance and novel object recognition test (NORT) were performed. The observed parameters were: percentage of spontaneous alternations (% SA), working memory index, latency of reaction and recognition index, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19. LC-MS analysis showed the presence of the flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin (as aglycones), the ginkgolides A, B, C, J, and bilobalide. In Y-maze task, the groups treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of GBSE significantly increased the % SA during the memory test compared to saline (p<0.05). In T-maze test, the three experimental groups with GBSE significantly increased the working memory index in comparison with that of the control group (p<0.05). In step-down test, the animals receiving 100 mg/kg b.w. GBSE, notably increased the latency during both retention tests (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). In NORT, only the animals with the middle dose of GBSE ameliorated the recognition index when compared to saline (p<0.05). GBSE enhances spatial working memory, recognition memory, and short- and long-term recall in naïve rats due to the synergic effects of detected flavonoids and terpene lactones on brain functions. The brain structures involved are probably the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Highlights
The Ginkgo biloba L. tree is considered as one of the oldest species on Earth
The animals treated with the lowest dose of Gingko biloba seed extract (GBSE) (50 mg/kg b.w.) significantly prolonged the reaction time during the long-term memory test compared to the control group (p
The rats treated with GBSE at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. notably increased the latent time during short- and long-term memory tests (p
Summary
The Ginkgo biloba L. tree is considered as one of the oldest species on Earth It is known as a “living fossil” dating back approximately 200 million years. Conclusions: GBSE enhances spatial working memory, recognition memory, and short- and long-term recall in naïve rats due to the synergic effects of detected flavonoids and terpene lactones on brain functions. The standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) has become a popular remedy for treatment of cerebral vascular disease, memory problems and even for Alzheimer’s disease It has a wide range of other biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, photoprotective effects.[1] In Bulgaria, different pharmaceutical forms of Ginkgo biloba leaves are available either as food supplement or as medicinal product and they are among the top selling phytopharmaceuticals.[2]
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