An Experimental Investigation into Ammonia Oxidation and NOx Emission in a Packed-Bed of Quartz Particles

Abstract

ABSTRACT The effect of temperature, initial NH3 concentration, equivalence ratio, and flowrate on the characteristics of ammonia (NH3) oxidation and associated NOx formation in a fixed-bed reactor packed with quartz particles has been systematically investigated with a stream of NH3 and O2 in He over a range of furnace set temperatures (900 K – 1400 K), initial NH3 concentrations (2% – 10%), equivalence ratios (ɸ = 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1), and total flowrates (145 mL/min, 289 mL/min, and 434 mL/min). Benchmark flow reactor experiments, without the quartz particles in the reactor under otherwise similar conditions, were previously performed and served as a reference case for this work. Compared to the flow reactor results, the packed-bed data indicated a lower reaction onset temperature and more gradual NH3 conversion across the temperature range. Both packed-bed and flow reactor experiments indicated that decreasing flowrate, thus increasing residence time, resulted in greater NH3 conversion. NH3 conversion in the fixed-bed reactor was similar for all equivalence ratios at temperatures ≤1200 K, above which NH3 conversion increased with decreasing equivalence ratio, a trend broadly aligned with previous flow reactor experiments. For all conditions examined, NO was the major NOx component and NO2 was insignificant. Across the range of equivalence ratios, NO emission was low, yet noticeable, from 900 K – 1100 K, before spiking at 1200 K. Above 1200 K, NO emissions decreased before drastically increasing again at 1400 K under fuel-lean conditions. At temperatures ≤1300 K, NO was generally found to decrease with decreasing equivalence ratio, while at 1400 K, NO increased with decreasing equivalence ratio. NO emissions were significantly lower in the packed-bed compared to the flow reactor scenario at temperatures ≥1300 K.