Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been linked to animal-based diets, which are a major source of trimethylamine (TMA), a precursor of the proatherogenic compound trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Human gut bacteria in the genus Bilophila have genomic signatures for genetic code expansion that could enable them to metabolize both TMA and its precursors without production of TMAO. We uncovered evidence that the Bilophila demethylation pathway is actively transcribed in gut microbiomes and that animal-based diets cause Bilophila to rapidly increase in abundance. CVD occurrence and Bilophila abundance in humans were significantly negatively correlated. These data lead us to propose that Bilophila, which is commonly regarded as a pathobiont, may play a role in mitigating cardiovascular disease. Human gut microbiomes have been shown to affect the development of a myriad of disease states, but mechanistic connections between diet, health, and microbiota have been challenging to establish. The hypothesis that Bilophila reduces cardiovascular disease by circumventing TMAO production offers a clearly defined mechanism with a potential human health impact, but investigations of Bilophila cell biology and ecology will be needed to fully evaluate these ideas.IMPORTANCE Links between trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have focused attention on mechanisms by which animal-based diets have negative health consequences. In a meta-analysis of data from foundational gut microbiome studies, we found evidence that specialized bacteria have and express a metabolic pathway that circumvents TMAO production and is often misannotated because it relies on genetic code expansion. This naturally occurring mechanism for TMAO attenuation is negatively correlated with CVD. Ultimately, these findings point to new avenues of research that could increase microbiome-informed understanding of human health and hint at potential biomedical applications in which specialized bacteria are used to curtail CVD development.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been linked to animal-based diets, which are a major source of trimethylamine (TMA), a precursor of the proatherogenic compound trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)
Despite the ubiquity of this bacterium, and its potential importance in modulating TMAO levels, these ambiguities remain unresolved, and studies of the human gut microbiome make no mention of the possibility of a bacterial pathway for TMA utilization. We investigate this alternative pathway of trimethylamine metabolism in Bilophila, the change in abundance of this taxon in response to an animal-based diet, and the correlation between Bilophila abundance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathology (Fig. 1B)
One exception was that Bilophila wadsworthia ATCC 49260 is missing one component: a Pyl tRNA was not located
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been linked to animal-based diets, which are a major source of trimethylamine (TMA), a precursor of the proatherogenic compound trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). In a meta-analysis of data from foundational gut microbiome studies, we found evidence that specialized bacteria have and express a metabolic pathway that circumvents TMAO production and is often misannotated because it relies on genetic code expansion. This naturally occurring mechanism for TMAO attenuation is negatively correlated with CVD. Metabolic end products associated with the consumption of animal products have been shown to promote CVD; dietary sources of proatherogenic compounds include choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] Gut microorganisms convert these compounds to trimethylamine (TMA), which in turn is converted to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) through the action of host hepatic flavin monooxygenase 3 [12, 13]. Bacterial metabolism of TMA remains largely unexplored in the gut microbiome
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