Abstract
An electrochemical immunosensor for the quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using a nanocomposite of polypropylene imine dendrimer (PPI) and carbon nanodots (CNDTs) on an exfoliated graphite electrode (EG) is reported. The carbon nanodots were prepared by pyrolysis of oats. The nanocomposites (PPI and CNDTs) were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed immunosensor was prepared on an exfoliated graphite electrode sequentially by drop coating CNDTs, the electrodeposition of G2-PPI (generation 2 poly (propylene imine) dendrimer), the immobilization of anti-CEA on the modified electrode for 80 min at 35 °C, and dropping of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to minimize non-specific binding sites. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize each stage of the fabrication of the immunosensor. The proposed immunosensor detected CEA within a concentration range of 0.005 to 300 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.00145 ng/mL by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The immunosensor displayed good stability and was also selective in the presence of some interference species such as ascorbic acid, glucose, alpha-fetoprotein, prostate-specific antigen and human immunoglobulin. Furthermore, the fabricated immunosensor was applied in the quantification of CEA in a human serum sample, indicating its potential for real sample analysis.
Highlights
The fabrication of an effective and efficient diagnostic tool for the detection of cancer and monitoring its progression during therapy is a vital task in biomedical analysis
We report the concept of a synergic combination between polypropylene imine dendrimers and carbon nanodots in the construction of an immunosensor for the quantification of carcinoembryonic antigens
A novel combination of carbon nanodots and poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers has has been employed as an electrode material for the fabrication of a label-free cancer biomarker been employed as an electrode material for the fabrication of a label-free cancer biomarker immunosensor immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigens
Summary
The fabrication of an effective and efficient diagnostic tool for the detection of cancer and monitoring its progression during therapy is a vital task in biomedical analysis The possibilities of such analysis in oncology have been enhanced by the discovery of tumor biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein, CA125, prostate-specific antigen, cytokeratin 19 fragment and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to name a few [1,2]. Changes in CEA concentrations in a patient with colorectal cancer can be used to monitor different stages of the disease and to detect early recurrence after surgery [3,4]. It is Biosensors 2019, 9, 39; doi:10.3390/bios9010039 www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors
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