Abstract
BackgroundVitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring bone health effects are well established, yet limited knowledge exists on the effect of maternal vitamin D status on offspring size/adiposity. This study examines the association of early (13 weeks), late (28 weeks) pregnancy and neonatal (umbilical) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) on offspring size/adiposity.MethodsThis analysis included mother-infant pairs from the ROLO study at birth (n = 292), 6–9 months (n = 160) and 2–2.5 years (n = 287) postpartum.ResultsUsing Institute of Medicine 2011 Report criteria, 30% of women in early pregnancy and 38% in late pregnancy were at risk of vitamin D deficiency (25OHD < 30 nmol/L). Birthweight was negatively associated with early-pregnancy 25OHD (p = 0.004) and neonatal 25OHD (p < 0.001). Birth length was not associated with 25OHD. Neonatal measures of overall adiposity were negatively associated with neonatal 25OHD (p = 0.001, and p = <0.001 respectively). At 2–2.5 years there was a negative association between weight-for-age z-score and early-pregnancy 25OHD (p < 0.041).ConclusionsMaternal and neonatal 25OHD were negatively associated with offspring size/adiposity at birth and offspring weight-for-age at 2–2.5 years. Results may not reflect a general population replete in vitamin D, due to high prevalence of macrosomia and high risk of deficiency in this cohort. Improvement of pregnancy vitamin D status remains a public health concern.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN54392969. 22/04/2009 retrospectively registered.
Highlights
Vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring bone health effects are well established, yet limited knowledge exists on the effect of maternal vitamin D status on offspring size/adiposity
There was no difference in background demographics between the control and intervention groups similar to the original ROLO study [24]
The average 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in our maternal cohort, both in early and late gestation, is nearly equivalent to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimated average requirement (EAR) for healthy population at 40 nmol/L [2, 36] but 30% in early pregnancy and 37% in late pregnancy were at risk of vitamin D deficiency (25OHD
Summary
Vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring bone health effects are well established, yet limited knowledge exists on the effect of maternal vitamin D status on offspring size/adiposity. Vitamin D is derived from oral intake and from skin production by UVB radiation. Vitamin D derived from both sources is hydroxylated in the liver to make 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and again in the kidney to the most active form 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Production due to sun exposure depends on multiple factors including latitude and UltraViolent B (UVB) radiation levels, skin colour, sunscreen use, covering up and practices such as purdah [4]. Oral intake depends on vitamin D levels in plant and animal foods consumed, food fortification, supplement intake, and practices such as vegetarianism and veganism [5, 6]
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