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Abstract
This study investigated self-esteem and empowerment in three African American female cohort groups in an after school program. A sample of 136 students in the after school program comprised the three one-year female and male cohort groups. For this study, 71 African American females in the female cohort groups were analyzed. Social Cognitive Theory and Resiliency Theory were used to explore factors potentially influencing self-esteem and empowerment of an at-risk African American female population, with the after school program serving as a protective factor. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Developmental Assets Profile (DAP), but only DAP empowerment items were analyzed. No significant differences were found in self-esteem levels for the three separate female cohort groups. However, evidence was found for a positive correlation between self-esteem and empowerment. Study conclusions identify implications for after school program staff as they identify needs and conduct youth programs accordingly.
Highlights
Adolescent females are under constant scrutiny in our society to conform to certain physical appearances, mindsets, and gender behaviors
The purpose of this study is to examine perceptions of three cohort groups of at-risk African American adolescent females in regard to their self-esteem and empowerment levels during participation in an after-school program
This study examined all participants in the CYFAR after school program that were African American females and their self-reported feelings of self-esteem and empowerment
Summary
Adolescent females are under constant scrutiny in our society to conform to certain physical appearances, mindsets, and gender behaviors They are consistently exposed to social and environmental factors that affect self-esteem and empowerment both positively and negatively. Such social and environmental factors include: school, peers, families, and social clubs (Lee, Dickson, Conley, Holmbeck, 2014). Negative aspects of these factors and pressures can lead to a lack of self-esteem and empowerment. By examining self-esteem and empowerment more in depth, further understanding their impacts on the lives of adolescents may be shown
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