An Examination of Bidirectional Associations Between Alcohol Use and Internalizing Symptoms Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

PurposeThis study explores the bidirectional association between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use over three years of the COVID-19 pandemic to examine whether alcohol consumption is associated with higher internalizing symptoms in the next year and vice versa. MethodsWe used linked data from a sample of 2,136 secondary school students who participated in three consecutive waves (2019–2020 [T1], 2020–2021 [T2], and 2021–2022 [T3]) of the Cannabis use, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol use, Smoking, and Sedentary behaviour study during the pandemic. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to characterize reciprocal linear relations between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use. ResultsThe findings suggest that students who reported higher levels of alcohol use at T1 experienced increased levels of depression and anxiety in the subsequent year (T2). However, this association was not observed from T2 to T3. Throughout the three-year period, depression and anxiety were not associated with later alcohol use. In males, alcohol use at T1 was a predictor of higher internalizing symptoms at T2 but not from T2 to T3. DiscussionThese results suggest time-sensitive impacts and notable gender differences in the relationship between internalizing symptoms and alcohol use over the pandemic. Given the complexity of impacts, ongoing evaluation of the impact of the pandemic on youth health behaviours is necessary to elucidate these unfolding relationships, especially as the pandemic continues to affect various psychosocial risk factors.