Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of urban environmental governance by developing hesitant fuzzy linguistic analytic network process (HFL-ANP). The study bridges the gaps in current knowledge in the following ways: the study methodically develops the HFL-ANP method to evaluate and pick the optimal environmental governance strategy from alternatives; theoretically, network structure of evaluation indicators system on environmental governance is constructed, and the objective and subjective information in the evaluation process of environmental governance is combined. In detail, based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and the pollution haven hypothesis, the paper constructs the evaluation indexes system of environmental governance and takes observation time length into consideration. Then, we choose three urban cases of environmental governance by exploring the existing literature. Furthermore, we develop the HFL-ANP method and apply it to the cases. The study calculates the initial weights of all indexes by using multiplicative consistency of the HFL preference relation, and derives the decision matrix through combining objective information with subjective information of environmental governance. Finally, we come to the following conclusions: ANP network stricture is close to real-world practical problems and provides the basis for HFL-ANP method; HFL-ANP is a very suitable method of assessing environmental governance; and based on the urban cases of environmental governance, Shanghai is the optimal alternative. In addition, this indicator system can only be applied to cities in China, and the administrative hierarchy of policies has not been considered by this method. Thus, future studies should expand this method and indicator network to contain different countries and different administrative hierarchy.
Highlights
Since 1978, China has experienced remarkable economic growth and continuous environmental degradation [1,2]
In order to include all subjective and objective information in evaluation system, we develop the method of hesitant fuzzy linguistic analytic network process (HFL-ANP) and choose the optimal environmental governance strategy among alternatives of Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing cases
We develop a HFL-ANP to combine subjective information with objective information
Summary
Since 1978, China has experienced remarkable economic growth and continuous environmental degradation [1,2]. Environmental pollution has led to economic losses and health issues [3,4]. Environmental pollution has led an estimated 3%–8% annual loss of GDP in China [1], and about 40% of all premature deaths in China in 2010 are attributable to poor air quality [3]. China’s government has viewed environmental protection as one of the most important tasks, and policy makers have spared no efforts to improve environmental quality and promote sustainable development [2]. Xiamen, Ningbo and Dalian stopped the PX (P-Xylene) projects due to antipollution protests. In order to reduce social conflicts, Shifang in Sichuan Province, and Qidong in
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