Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a complex cell envelope that includes two membranes. The outer membrane prevents many drugs from entering these cells and is thus a major determinant of their intrinsic antibiotic resistance. This barrier function is imparted by the asymmetric architecture of the membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet. The LPS and phospholipid synthesis pathways share an intermediate. Proper membrane biogenesis therefore requires that the flux through each pathway be balanced. In Escherichia coli, a major control point in establishing this balance is the committed step of LPS synthesis mediated by LpxC. Levels of this enzyme are controlled through its degradation by the inner membrane protease FtsH and its presumed adapter protein LapB (YciM). How turnover of LpxC is controlled has remained unclear for many years. Here, we demonstrate that the essential protein of unknown function YejM (PbgA) participates in this regulatory pathway. Suppressors of YejM essentiality were identified in lpxC and lapB, and LpxC overproduction was shown to be sufficient to allow survival of ΔyejM mutants. Furthermore, the stability of LpxC was shown to be reduced in cells lacking YejM, and genetic and physical interactions between LapB and YejM were detected. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model in which YejM directly modulates LpxC turnover by FtsH-LapB to regulate LPS synthesis and maintain membrane homeostasis.IMPORTANCE The outer membrane is a major determinant of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid, and the synthesis of these lipid species must be balanced for the membrane to maintain its barrier function in blocking drug entry. In this study, we identified an essential protein of unknown function as a key new factor in modulating LPS synthesis in the model bacterium Escherichia coli Our results provide novel insight into how this organism and most likely other Gram-negative bacteria maintain membrane homeostasis and their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics.
Highlights
Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a complex cell envelope that includes two membranes
The crystal structure of this domain of YejM revealed that it lacks residues that are important for LtaS catalytic activity, indicating that is unlikely to have a similar enzymatic function [23]
With the exception of a multicopy suppressor selection [18, 19], prior genetic studies primarily examined the phenotype of mutants encoding a truncated YejM protein lacking the nonessential C-terminal periplasmic domain [18,19,20,21, 24, 27]
Summary
Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a complex cell envelope that includes two membranes. The outer membrane prevents many drugs from entering these cells and is a major determinant of their intrinsic antibiotic resistance This barrier function is imparted by the asymmetric architecture of the membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet. In Escherichia coli, a major control point in establishing this balance is the committed step of LPS synthesis mediated by LpxC Levels of this enzyme are controlled through its degradation by the inner membrane protease FtsH and its presumed adapter protein LapB (YciM). IMPORTANCE The outer membrane is a major determinant of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria It is composed of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid, and the synthesis of these lipid species must be balanced for the membrane to maintain its barrier function in blocking drug entry. How LpxC proteolysis is modulated in response to disruptions in LPS or PL synthesis to maintain homeostasis is unclear
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