Abstract
It is argued that a complete description of the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) for sex ratio must allow three factors, investment ratio, investment in individual males, and investment in individual females, to be varied. A formulation of the ESS along these lines is presented. This approach can be extended to other breeding systems, and the ESS for haplodiploid breeding systems is derived. If any one of the three variables is constrained, however, the ESS will be altered. One example of such a constraint is given by the social Hymenoptera in which the primary sex ratio is produced by the queen, but the bulk of the investment by the workers. The solution to the ESS in this situation is considered, and related to data presented by Trivers & Hare (1976).
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