Abstract
Diabetes is widely considered as a silent killer which affects the internal organs and ultimately has drastic impacts on our day-to-day activities. One of the fatal outcomes of diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU); which, when becomes chronic, may lead to amputation. The incorporation of nanotechnology in developing bio-sensors enables the detection of desired biomarkers, which in our study are glucose and L-tyrosine; which gets elevated in patients suffering from diabetes and DFUs, respectively. Herein, we report the development of an enzymatic impedimetric sensor for the multi-detection of these biomarkers using an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (µ-EPADs). The structure consists of two working electrodes and a counter electrode. One working electrode is modified with α-MnO2-GQD/tyrosinase hybrid to aid L-tyrosine detection, while the other electrode is coated with α-MnO2-GQD/glucose oxidase hybrid for glucose monitoring. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been employed for the quantification of glucose and L-tyrosine, within a concentration range of 50–800 mg/dL and 1–500 µmol/L, respectively, using a sample volume of approximately 200 µL. The impedance response exhibited a linear relationship over the analyte concentration range with detection limits of ~58 mg/dL and ~0.3 µmol/L for glucose and tyrosine respectively, with shelf life ~1 month. The sensing strategy was also translated to Arduino-based device applications by interfacing the µ-EPADs with miniaturized electronics.
Highlights
diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) may be defined as the inflammation and infection of deep tissues which are associated with neurological abnormalities and various degrees of vascular disease in the lower limbs of humans [3]
Electrochemical nanobiosensing has been widely employed due to its simplicity, the potential for miniaturization, and rapid and stable response within a wide analyte concentration range [18,19,20,21]. Such features are primarily owed to the high surface area and quantum confinement effects of nanomaterials, which help in enhanced receptor immobilization and heterogeneous charge transfer that can potentially improve the overall device sensitivity and accuracy
We believe that developing a portable device capable of monitoring diabetes and DFUs, as a function of glucose and tyrosine, is enormously essential in identifying high-risk diabetics so that timely diagnosis and treatment can be availed for positive outcomes; since such a device is not yet available in the market
Summary
The extremely high prevalence of diabetes and resulting probability of occurrence of DFUs urges us to move towards developing a multiplexed platform whereby the patients will have options to monitor diabetes as well as predict the onset of foot ulcers Such a miniaturized biosensor, when commercialized, would enable multiparametric monitoring and ensure faster patient-doctor interactions so that timely diagnosis and treatment can be availed. Electrochemical nanobiosensing has been widely employed due to its simplicity, the potential for miniaturization, and rapid and stable response within a wide analyte concentration range [18,19,20,21] Such features are primarily owed to the high surface area and quantum confinement effects of nanomaterials, which help in enhanced receptor immobilization and heterogeneous charge transfer that can potentially improve the overall device sensitivity and accuracy. We believe that developing a portable device capable of monitoring diabetes and DFUs, as a function of glucose and tyrosine, is enormously essential in identifying high-risk diabetics so that timely diagnosis and treatment can be availed for positive outcomes; since such a device is not yet available in the market
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