Abstract
Background: Dust storms occur when unchecked, strong, or turbulent winds combine with exposed loose and dried soil surfaces. Sand and dust storms have a significant impact on society, economy, and environment at local, regional, and global levels. The environmental and health hazards of such storms cannot be permanently reduced, however, by taking appropriate measures, its impact can be reduced. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a biocompatible agent on soil stabilization and control of dust storms using ureaseproducing bacteria (UPB) as a biological improvement technique, which were isolated, identified, sprayed on the soil surface. Methods: For this purpose, the erosion of bio-cemented soil samples was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel under the condition of wind velocity of 0 to 98 km.h-1 in two soil types with sandy and silty texture in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Results: The investigation of the threshold wind velocity of soil particles showed that soil particles began to move at velocity of 8 and 10 km.h-1 in silty and sandy soils, respectively, but in all biological samples (MICP), particles did not move until the wind speed reached 97 km.h-1. It was also revealed that the weight loss of all MICP-treated samples at different wind velocities was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Differences in the amount of soil loss among bio-cemented samples and control treatments were even superior at higher velocities, so that at velocities more than 57 km.h-1, soil losses increased significantly in the control group, while in soils treated with bacteria, soil loss was very low (about 2.5 kg.m-2.h-1). Comparison of the bacteria used in this study also showed that Bacillus infantis and Paenibacillus sp3 had high efficiency in controlling dust storms. Conclusion: The formation of abrasion-resistant surface layers on soil samples treated by biocementation showed that cementation by biological methods could be an effective way to stabilize surface particles and control sand and dust storms.
Highlights
Soil erosion is an important land degradation process that effects on the soil productivity
Soil samples were subject to different microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) treatments to monitor the erosional responses when wind erosion was taking place
In the equal amounts of reactants, the case which has more urease activity, more amount of urea is hydrolyzed in a specific time period and higher amounts of calcite precipitation occur
Summary
Soil erosion is an important land degradation process that effects on the soil productivity. Sand and dust storms have considerable negative impacts on the infrastructure, economy, and environment, and they have become a serious threat to human health because of their role in the formation of suspended particulate matter and air pollution [4] This phenomenon is dominant in the regions with a sparse vegetation coverage due to low precipitation (
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