Abstract
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) is a promising technique by facilitating a wide range of aquatic applications. However, routing scheme in UASN is a challenging task because of the characteristics of the nodes mobility, interruption of link, and interference caused by other underwater acoustic systems such as marine mammals. In order to achieve reliable data delivery in UASN, in this work, we present a disjoint multipath disruption-tolerant routing protocol for UASN (ENMR), which incorporates the Hue, Saturation, and Value color space (HSV) model to establish routing paths to greedily forward data packets to sink nodes. ENMR applies the mechanism to maintain the network topology. Simulation results show that, compared with the classic underwater routing protocols named PVBF, ENMR can improve packet delivery ratio and reduce network latency while avoiding introducing additional energy consumption.
Highlights
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) has attracted much more attentions in recent years, which has wide applications in civilian and military fields, such as coastline surveillance disaster forecast/detection, and military defense [1,2,3]
The performance of the network can be improved by dynamically changing the direction of flooding pipeline compared with Vector-Based Forwarding (VBF), HH-VBF has a relatively low performance in sparse network when a constant pipeline radius is set. Both of VBF and HH-VBF are vulnerable to marine mammals since the transmission only occurs in the “pipe.” Once the pipe is blocked by marine mammals, the transmission can be possibly interrupted
ENMR/Position Vector-Based Forwarding (PVBF) protocol denotes ENMR-1/PVBF1, while ENMR-2/PVBF-2 denotes the conditions that are not affected by marine mammals
Summary
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) has attracted much more attentions in recent years, which has wide applications in civilian and military fields, such as coastline surveillance disaster forecast/detection, and military defense [1,2,3]. What is even worse is that the propagation speed varies with the change of water depth, temperature, and salinity Such uncertainty of delay makes great challenges on the schedule of packet transmission and synchronization of the network. Underwater channel is characterized by severe multipath fading and Doppler spread, limited spectrum resource, and high spatial-temporal uncertainty [5] All these factors can cause even higher error rate which increases the challenge on reliable packet exchange in UASN. To improve the reliability of packet delivery while avoiding interference with marine mammals in underwater environment, in this paper, we propose a novel Environment-friendly Node-disjoint Multipath Routing protocol for USAN, named ENMR. We propose a node-disjoint multipath scheme based on HSV color space model for reliable packet forwarding from source to sink.
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