Abstract
The features that sensor nodes are powered by battery and have severe energy constraint make the design of energy-efficient protocol a key task for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Clustering protocols significantly cut down the energy expenditure of each sensor node. However, hot spots problem occurs in locations close to the sink. Besides, it makes things worse if the nodes with less energy are selected as cluster heads (CHs), because they are often loaded heavier traffic than cluster members (CMs) due to their duty. The issues which exist in WSNs are proposed and the primary reason why cluster head election is hard to control is then presented. A mathematical model aiming to ease the hot spots problem via optimizing the cluster size is proposed and an optimal cluster size (OCS) algorithm is given firstly. Subsequently, an evolutionary game model for the sensor nodes to terminate the anarchism during the process of cluster head selection is presented, and a novel routing protocol named Energy Efficient Routing protocol based on Evolutionary Game (EEREG) theory is proposed. Finally, extensive simulation experiments and performance comparisons with the well-known hierarchical routing protocols are conducted. The experiment results show that a significant improvement in energy efficiency as well as lifetime extension is achieved.
Highlights
Due to the rapid development of the technology of microelectric-mechanical system (MEMS) and the great progress in wireless communication, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained worldwide attention and application
A novel cluster head selection algorithm and a routing protocol named Energy Efficient Routing protocol based on Evolutionary Game (EEREG) theory are given
A comparison between the experiment results in EEREG, Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), and LEACH-C protocols is made via a network simulator NS2 [4, 16], which is widely used in the network simulation
Summary
Due to the rapid development of the technology of microelectric-mechanical system (MEMS) and the great progress in wireless communication, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained worldwide attention and application. Some nodes will use up their energy earlier than expected This is known as hot spots problem and means the end of life of the network. (2) The paper proposes a mathematical model which can be applied to most of the network model to ease the energy burden of nodes near the sink. A cluster head selection method is proposed based on the evolutionary game theory. The Energy Efficient Routing protocol based on Evolutionary Game (EEREG) theory is put forward.
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