Abstract
Current developments in nanotechnology make electromagnetic communication (EC) possible at the nanoscale for applications involving Wireless [Body] Sensor Networks (W[B]SNs). This specialized branch of WSN has emerged as an important research area contributing to medical treatment, social welfare, and sports. The concept is based on the interaction of integrated nanoscale machines by means of wireless communications. One key hurdle for advancing nanocommunications is the lack of an apposite networking protocol to address the upcoming needs of the nanonetworks. Recently, some key challenges have been identified, such as nanonodes with extreme energy constraints, limited computational capabilities, Terahertz frequency bands with limited transmission range, etc., in designing protocols for wireless nanosensor networks (WNN). This work proposes an improved performance scheme of nanocommunication over Terahertz bands for wireless BSNs making it suitable for smart e-health applications. The scheme contains -- a new energy-efficient forwarding routine for EC in WNN consisting of hybrid clusters with centralized scheduling, a model designed for channel behavior taking into account the aggregated impact of molecular absorption, spreading loss, and shadowing, and an energy model for energy harvesting and consumption. The outage probability is derived for both single and multilinks and extended to determine the outage capacity. The outage probability for a multilink is derived using a cooperative fusion technique at a predefined fusion node. Simulated using a Nano-Sim simulator, performance of the proposed model has been evaluated for energy efficiency, outage capacity, and outage probability. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme through maximized energy utilization in both single and multihop communication, multisensor fusion enhances the link quality of the transmission.
Highlights
Recent advances in nanotechnology expanded its potential applications in diverse fields
A nanomachine is composed of a power supply, memory, antenna and CPU module, and it behaves as an autonomous node capable of performing tasks such as computing, storing, sensing and/or actuating at the nanolevel
After all nanosensors are assigned to their respective layers, the initial Nano cluster controllers (NCCs) are automatically elected based on their residual energy
Summary
Recent advances in nanotechnology expanded its potential applications in diverse fields. B. NETWORK COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS A routing framework considering the peculiarities of the WNSNs was proposed by Pierobon et al, both in terms of nanoscale energy harvesting process and Terahertz band wireless communication [24]. This work evaluated classical multihop forwarding and single end-to-end transmission schemes for EM-WNSNs. Jornet et al proposed a Physical Layer Aware MAC protocol for EM nanonetworks in the THz band (PHLAME) where the transmitting and receiving nanodevices were allowed to jointly select the communication parameters in an adaptive fashion [28]. The propagation model proposed by Piro et al characterized the performance of THz communication in human tissue considering the attenuation of EM waves in human skin tissues [39] They deduced channel capacity and communication ranges for different physical transmission settings. The role of the fusion node is executed by either the destination NCC or the NC where the information fusion occurs
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