Abstract
Energy limitation is an adverse problem in designing routing protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). To prolong the network lifetime with limited battery power, an energy balanced and efficient routing protocol, called energy balanced and lifetime extended routing protocol (EBLE), is proposed in this paper. The proposed EBLE not only balances traffic loads according to the residual energy, but also optimizes data transmissions by selecting low-cost paths. Two phases are operated in the EBLE data transmission process: (1) candidate forwarding set selection phase and (2) data transmission phase. In candidate forwarding set selection phase, nodes update candidate forwarding nodes by broadcasting the position and residual energy level information. The cost value of available nodes is calculated and stored in each sensor node. Then in data transmission phase, high residual energy and relatively low-cost paths are selected based on the cost function and residual energy level information. We also introduce detailed analysis of optimal energy consumption in UWSNs. Numerical simulation results on a variety of node distributions and data load distributions prove that EBLE outperforms other routing protocols (BTM, BEAR and direct transmission) in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency.
Highlights
Recent advances in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have motivated the development of various applications for scientific, environmental, commercial and military purposes including environmental data collection, disasters prevention, assisted navigation, monitoring underwater equipments, offshore exploration, oil/gas spills monitoring and tactical surveillance [1,2,3,4]
The results show that the multi-hop transmission mode is often more energy efficient than one-hop direct transmission especially when the relay node is close to the middle position between the source and the destination
We propose energy balanced and lifetime extended routing protocol (EBLE) routing protocol for UWSNs
Summary
Recent advances in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have motivated the development of various applications for scientific, environmental, commercial and military purposes including environmental data collection, disasters prevention, assisted navigation, monitoring underwater equipments, offshore exploration, oil/gas spills monitoring and tactical surveillance [1,2,3,4]. During the data transmission phase, high residual energy level and low cost nodes are given higher priorities to forward data and long range direct transmissions are avoided whereas the network maintains energy balance. Energy balancing protocols like BEAR [16] and BTM [17] change their transmission mode to direct one-hop transmissions if their optimal energy efficient paths are energy limited This operation introduces extra energy consumption and cannot use low traffic load nodes efficiently. Detailed analysis of optimal energy consumption for different transmission modes are given and an energy cost function is proposed to optimize data transmissions in UWSNs. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness and validity of our proposed EBLE and the results show that EBLE outperforms other existing energy balancing routing protocols in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.
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