Abstract
In this study, emissions of internal combustion engine, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles have been investigated when they use hydrogen in gas or liquid form. Well to pump (WTP) and well to wheel (WTW) emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur oxides (SOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from vehicles are compared for scenarios in 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050 years. For these years, 2005, 2015, 2025, 2035, and 2045 vehicle technologies are used in the analyses. In total emissions, gaseous hydrogen (GH2) powered fuel cell vehicles (FCV) appear to be the best options, while liquid hydrogen (LH2) powered spark ignition internal combustion engine vehicles (SI ICEV) are the worst. The lowest and highest CO2 emission values are seen as 81 g/km and 416 g/km in GH2 powered FCVs in 2050 and LH2 powered SI ICEVs in 2010, respectively.
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