An EMG-informed modelling approach to estimate muscle forces and activations in Parkinson’s disease subjects

Abstract

Ucn1 was first isolated from the rat midbrain in 1995, and has a higher affinity for the type-2 CRH receptor (CRHR2) than does CRH itself. Subsequently, Ucn2 and Ucn3 were identified. Ucns have been reported in several tetrapods, teleosts, lobe-finned fish, basal ray-finned fish, cartilaginous fish, and cyclostome. Mammalian Ucn1 consists of 40 aa residues with an amidated C-terminus. In the brain, Ucn mRNA is found not only in the hypothalamus but also in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The gastrointestinal tract and its associated macrophages constitute a major source of Ucn in the periphery. Ucn mRNA is also abundantly detected in the hearts of humans and rodents. Ucns act through two GPCR subtypes: CRHR1 and CRHR2. CRH and Ucn1 bind to both CRHR1 and CRHR2, whereas Ucn-II and Ucn-III bind exclusively to CRHR2. Ucn1 stimulates ACTH secretion both in vivo and in vitro. Ucn1 is more potent than CRH in suppressing food intake.