Abstract
Regenerative braking is very important for increasing the total range of an electric vehicle. In this study, an embedded controller, including regenerative braking, is designed and implemented for an electric vehicle. Experimental studies are carried out on an electric vehicle driven by two in-wheel electric motors. In-wheel electric motors are preferred in light electric vehicles, since they are both highly efficient and supports regenerative braking. In our embedded controller application, the in-wheel electric motor is operated in both the motor mode and the regenerative braking mode. The in-wheel electric motor control embedded software is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The developed software is embedded in the DSP STM32F407 microcontroller, which has ARM Cortex-M4 core. The in-wheel electric motor is controlled by a fuzzy logic controller in the motor mode, the in-wheel electric motor - in the regenerative braking mode. Different PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ratios are applied to the wheel electric motor in the regenerative braking mode. The experimental data are recorded in real-time by transferring to a PC on the electric vehicle. The performance of the study is proven with experimental tests.
Highlights
In a battery-powered electric vehicle, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted to chemical energy by regenerative braking
An embedded system application is implemented for use in an electric vehicle (EV)
IWEM is controlled in both motor mode and regenerative braking mode
Summary
In a battery-powered electric vehicle, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted to chemical energy by regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is important to ensure more energy efficiency. There are several studies in the literature related to this subject. Regenerative brake control and management strategies have been developed by considering the temperature of the batteries, motor and motor driver, charging current, battery voltage, deceleration, and brake pedal pressure [3]–[8]. For friction braking and optimum energy recovery, regenerative braking is working together in [9]–[13]. Regenerative braking is controlled by Manuscript received 18 February, 2019; accepted 29 June, 2019.
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