Abstract
In this work, we study the Duffing equation. Analytical solution for undamped and unforced case is provided for any given arbitrary initial conditions. An approximate analytical solution is given for the damped or trigonometrically forced Duffing equation for arbitrary initial conditions. The analytical solutions are expressed in terms of elementary trigonometric functions as well as in terms of the Jacobian elliptic functions. Examples are added to illustrate the obtained results. We also introduce new functions for approximating the Jacobian and Weierstrass elliptic functions in terms of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine. Results are high accurate.
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