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Abstract
The contamination of tea with toxic pesticides is a major concern. Additionally, because of improved detection methods, importers are increasingly rejecting contaminated teas. Here, we describe an electronic nose technique for the rapid detection of pyrethroid pesticides (cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and fenpropathrin) in tea. Using a PEN 3 electronic nose, the text screened a group of metal oxide sensors and determined that four of them (W5S, W1S, W1W, and W2W) are suitable for the detection of the same pyrethroid pesticide in different concentrations and five of them (W5S, W1S, W1W, W2W, and W2S) are suitable for the detection of pyrethroid pesticide. The models for the determination of cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and fenpropathrin are established by PLS method. Next, using back propagation (BP) neural network technology, we developed a three-hidden-layer model and a two-hidden-layer model to differentiate among the three pesticides. The accuracy of the three models is 96%, 92%, and 88%, respectively. The recognition accuracies of the three-hidden-layer BP neural network pattern and two-hidden-layer BP neural network pattern are 98.75% and 97.08%, respectively. Our electronic nose system accurately detected and quantified pyrethroid pesticides in tea leaves. We propose that this tool is now ready for practical application in the tea industry.
Highlights
Awareness of the importance of food safety is growing [1,2,3]
Gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are typically used for the detection of pyrethroids contamination in tea products [12,13,14,15,16]
We propose an easy-to-use electronic nose system that can detect, differentiate, and quantify three pyrethroid pesticides, which we believe is ready for industry use
Summary
Awareness of the importance of food safety is growing [1,2,3]. In China, the contamination of tea with toxic pesticides has become a major concern. Improved methods for the detection of these contaminants have enabled increased testing [4], the stringency of tests, and the rejection of contaminated foods by importers. As the world’s largest producer of tea leaves, exporting ~3 million tons annually, Chinese producers and authorities should be focused on avoiding tea leaf contamination [5]. This problem has been largely ignored [6,7,8,9]. Gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are typically used for the detection of pyrethroids contamination in tea products [12,13,14,15,16]
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