An electrochromic film device to teach polymer electrochemical physics

Abstract

We discuss the background associated with an electrochromic device that can reversibly change its color and optical density at a specific potential. We discuss the underlying science needed to make a new polyaniline (PAN)/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) electrochromic composite film on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) conducting glass by electropolymerization and describe a reversible redox transition of the PAN. The experiment gives students an opportunity to fabricate an electrochromic device containing PAN, one of the most important conducting polymers. The experimental conditions are flexible so that each group of students can construct their own electrochromic device with particular behavior. Two techniques for polymerizing the PAN and three methods of demonstrating the electrochromism are given, depending on the available apparatus. A sophisticated three-electrode potentiostat or a crude apparatus containing a battery, wire, a variable resistor, and a voltage meter is used to synthesize the PAN deposit. The electrochromic property is repetitively observed by reversibly changing the applied potentials on the device. A potentiostatic apparatus, a single flashlight battery, or a flashlight battery accompanied by a variable resistor allows students to observe multicolor electrochromism. The experiments significantly enhance students’ understanding of polymer chemicophysics principles and their appreciation of novel variable colorful films. The experiments are safe and easy to perform, provided that appropriate precautions are taken.