An electrochemical sensor for nanomolar detection of caffeine based on nicotinic acid hydrazide anchored on graphene oxide (NAHGO)

Jemini Jose,Sadasivan Shaji,P B Sreeja,Viswanathan Subramanian

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89427-6

Jemini Jose, Sadasivan Shaji + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89427-6

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Abstract

A simple modified sensor was developed with nicotinic acid hydrazide anchored on graphene oxide (NAHGO), by ultrasonic-assisted chemical route, using hydroxy benzotriazole as a mediator. Structural and morphologies of NAHGO samples were investigated in detail by Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The detailed morphological examination and electrochemical studies revealed the delaminated sheet with the tube-like structure of NAHGO provided the route for more electroactive surface which influenced the electrooxidation of caffeine with increased current. The electrochemical behaviour of NAHGO on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for caffeine detection was demonstrated by employing voltammetric techniques. The influence of scan rate, pH, and concentration on caffeine's peak current was also studied. The NAHGO sensor was employed for the determination of caffeine in imol plus and energy drinks. The detection limit determined was 8.7 × 10–9 M, and the best value was reported so far. The results show that NAHGO modified electrodes are one of the best preferences to establish new, efficient, and reliable analytical tools for the detection of caffeine.

Highlights

Carbon materials have a pivotal role in detecting an unsafe amount of organic and inorganic molecules due to their highly porous structure with large surface area and excellent electronic p roperties[1]
We found that nicotinic acid hydrazide anchored graphene oxide (NAHGO) showed catalytic activity for the electro-chemical oxidation of caffeine
Graphene oxide (GO) shows the peaks of C1s and O1s, whereas NAHGO exhibits carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, with major prominent peaks at 285.12, 401.23, and 533.41 eV corresponds to C1s, N1s, and O1s, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Carbon materials have a pivotal role in detecting an unsafe amount of organic and inorganic molecules due to their highly porous structure with large surface area and excellent electronic p roperties[1]. We propose a new kind of electrochemical sensor supported by GO and nicotinic acid hydrazide (NAH) to detect caffeine.

Results

Conclusion