Abstract
The facile wet-chemical technique was used to prepare the low-dimensional nano-formulated porous mixed metal oxide nanomaterials (CuO.Mn2O3.NiO; CMNO NMs) in an alkaline medium at low temperature. Detailed structural, morphological, crystalline, and functional characterization of CMNO NMs were performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. An efficient and selective creatine (CA) sensor probe was fabricated by using CMNO NMs decorated onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as CMNO NMs/GCE by using Nafion adhesive (5% suspension in ethanol). The relation of current versus the concentration of CA was plotted to draw a calibration curve of the CMNO NMs/GCE sensor probe, which was found to have a very linear value (r2 = 0.9995) over a large dynamic range (LDR: 0.1 nM~0.1 mM) for selective CA detection. The slope of LDR by considering the active surface area of GCE (0.0316 cm2) was applied to estimate the sensor sensitivity (14.6308 µAµM−1 cm−2). Moreover, the detection limit (21.63 ± 0.05 pM) of CMNO MNs modified GCE was calculated from the signal/noise (S/N) ratio at 3. As a CA sensor probe, it exhibited long-term stability, good reproducibility, and fast response time in the detection of CA by electrochemical approach. Therefore, this research technique is introduced as a promising platform to develop an efficient sensor probe for cancer metabolic biomarker by using nano-formulated mixed metal oxides for biochemical as well as biomedical research for the safety of health care fields.
Highlights
The CA is synthesized in the kidney and liver into the human body, which is later distributed through the blood circulation system
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum showed the peaks corresponding with Cu, Ni, O and Mn elements
A peak of O1s at 532.0 eV illustrates in Figure 1b and can be defined as the lattice oxygen with the ionization O2- in sample CMNO NMs
Summary
The CA is synthesized in the kidney and liver into the human body, which is later distributed through the blood circulation system. It is carried to the high energy demanded tissues such as the brain and skeletal muscle [1,2] in the human body. It is available in foods such as meat and fish [3], which are commonly used in human food chains. The most important thing is that the CA performs a vital role to produce energy and control of pH of the buffer system into the living tissues. On considering the physiological effects of CA, it is very important to the development of a reliable and effective quantification method of CA in biological samples
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