Abstract
An efficient bifunctional NbOPO4 supported Ru catalyst (Ru-NbOPO4) was applied to the hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic ethers and phenols and the upgrading of bio-oil. Characterization results revealed that the Ru-NbOPO4 catalyst possessed strong acidity, including Lewis and Brønsted acids. The Lewis acid sites originated from the NbO bonding structures, including slightly distorted octahedral NbO6, regular tetrahedral NbO4 and highly distorted octahedral NbO6. In combination with the strong acidity of the NbO species and excellent hydrogenation activity of the metallic Ru, the bifunctional Ru-NbOPO4 catalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic activity in the hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic ethers and phenols with different structures, and even real bio-oil to alkanes. The hydrocarbon yield after real bio-oil upgradation was up to 88.2 %. Carbon deposition and enlargement of the Ru nanoparticles resulted in slight deactivation of the catalyst. The catalytic activity could be mostly recovered after being calcined and reduced.
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