An efficient aqueous two phase systems using dual inorganic electrolytes to separate 1,3-propanediol from the fermented broth

A new approach using microtiter plate cultivation with on-line measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) was applied for medium optimization of mammalian cell culture. Applying dynamic liquid phase balance, oxygen uptake rates were calculated from the DO level and used as an indicator for culture viability. The developed method was successfully applied to optimization of the concentration of glucose, glutamine and inorganic salts for cultivation of a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line. Using 2(3) full factorial central composite design, the optimum medium composition could be identified in one single run. The concentration of inorganic salts had a significant influence on cultivation. The developed method exhibits high potential to improve procedures of medium optimization for animal cell cultivation by allowing the investigation of large sets of potentially important variables in short time and with reduced effort.

Extraction of Ferulic Acid and Caffeic Acid with Ionic Liquids

The aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) extinguishing agent is suitable for fighting various hydrocarbon fuel fires due to its dual fire-fighting effect of foam and liquid film. Because the action law and microscopic mechanism of inorganic salts on the stabilization process of surfactant-generated AFFF are not perfect, this paper employs an experimental approach to investigate the effects of inorganic salt types and concentrations on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing foam systems (SDS). Prior to critical micelle concentration (CMC), increasing inorganic salt concentration decreased solution surface tension, but the opposite was true after CMC. The CMC value of an SDS solution decreases as inorganic salt concentration increases, and the "salting effect" of inorganic salt cations also has an effect on the CMC value. Based on the resistance of the liquid film at the gas-liquid interface affecting gas transport, the foam evolution was divided into three stages: foam generation, liquid drainage, and gas transfer. The effect of inorganic salts on these three stages was studied at the molecular level, and it was discovered that the addition of NH4Cl and MgCl2 could improve the saturation adsorption at the gas-liquid interface, reduce the surface tension of the surfactant solution, and improve foam stability. Meanwhile, inorganic salts can change the force of gas molecules, so the equilibrium force of gas across the liquid membrane increases as inorganic salt concentration increases. Additionally, the addition of inorganic salts raises the diffusive drainage coefficient, but the gravity drainage coefficient still reigns supreme in the predecay period.

Partitioning of crude protein from aqua waste using PEG 600-inorganic salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

An important acidic protease, pepsin is synthesized and secreted in the gastric membrane in an inactive state called pepsinogen (PG) and has applications in the food and manufacturing industries, collagen extraction, gelatin extraction and in regulating digestibility. Fish processing waste can be used to produce commercially valuable byproducts such as pepsinogen. In the present study, the purification of pepsinogen from the stomach of red perch using aqueous two phase systems (ATPS) formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salt at 4°C was optimized. The effects of salt type (MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4, Na3C6H5O7 and K2HPO4) and concentration (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19%) on the partitioning of PG were studied and parameters including total volume (TV), volume ratio (VR), enzyme activity (AE), protein content (Cp), specific activity (SA), partition coefficient (Kp), purification fold (PF) and recovery yield (RY) were evaluated. Salt type and salt concentration had significant effects on each parameter. MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4, Na3C6H5O7 and K2HPO4 required different critical salt concentrations (9, 12, 12 and 10%, respectively) to form biphasic systems. TV and VR decreased with increased salt concentration since salt formed hydrogen bonds with water molecules and created a more compact and ordered water structure. AE, CP, SA, PF and RY showed a maximum increase with intermediate salt concentration, while KP had the opposite pattern. The highest TV and AE values were obtained at 12% (NH4)2SO4 while the highest SA and PF values were obtained at 12% MgSO4. The highest TV and Cp values were obtained at 12 and 15% Na3C6H5O7, respectively. (NH4)2SO4 at 15% concentration gave the highest RY (71.7%) and was selected as the optimum salt type and concentration. Thus, 15% (NH4)2SO4 18% PEG 1500 was the optimal ATPS combination and presented the best partition. The values of SA and PF and RY obtained with ATPS method were two fold higher than those obtained with the ammonium sulphate fractionation (ASF) method.

As a crucial part in sewage, high-salt wastewater contains abundant corrosive components and heavy metal elements, which makes it difficult for invasive monitoring. Therefore, based on coupling Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) tags, this paper proposes a non-invasive monitoring method for concentration of inorganic salt in sewage. In this method, Cole-Cole model and Slit Cylindrical Capacitance(SCC) model are combined to explore the relationship between capacitance of RFID and concentration of inorganic salt in sewage pipeline. A New Efficient Levenberg-Marquardt(NELM) algorithm is used for regression between relative permittivity and concentration of inorganic salt categorically. Then, measurement data is processed under modified relative permittivity mixing rule of electrolyte and solvent. Finally the concentration of each component in the multi-component inorganic salt wastewater are obtained. Experimental results show that the maximal relative error (MRE) and average relative error(ARE) of single inorganic salt solution are 1.1% and 0.5%, while mixed solution are 2.6% and 1.89%. Such results indicate significant improvement comparing with previous works. Great potential of RFID in working sewage monitoring is sufficiently confirmed.

High separation cost of biobutanol from the fermentation broth has become a bottleneck in acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) industrial production due to low ABE concentration. In this study, a suitable salting‐out extraction (SOE) system was selected and optimized for the recovery of biobutanol from the fermentation broth. From the different SOE systems investigated, the acetone/K2HPO4 system appeared to be more favorable. To examine the potential of this SOE system, the partition coefficient combined with concentration fold of butanol in synthetic solutions was optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were found to be 17.51% w/w acetone, 21.44% w/w dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at ABE concentration of 17.3 g/L (butanol = 9.5 g/L). Under these conditions, a favorable partition coefficient, extraction yield, and concentration fold of butanol were determined as 70, 99.08%, and 1.48, respectively. The optimum extraction conditions were then used to direct the recovery of biobutanol from a real fermentation broth. The partition coefficient, extraction yield, and concentration fold of butanol reached 63.13, 98.10%, and 1.53, respectively; while the removal ratio of cells and proteins were 99.12 and 95.70%, respectively. The SOE system of acetone/K2HPO4 appeared to be effective and feasible for the downstream processing of butanol from fermentation broth.

Aim: In order to avoid gastric irritation caused by tolmetin sodium (TS), gastro resistant Eudragit® S 100 microsphere formulations were prepared with the emulsion/solvent diffusion method.Materials: Considering the high water solubility of the TS molecule, the effects of the presence of inorganic salt (NaCl, NaBr and KH2PO4; 0.1 M and 1.0 M) in external phase and external phase pH on the encapsulation efficiency were evaluated.Results: Percentage yield value was found to vary between 55.8% and 72.1%. Improvement in encapsulation efficiency was determined by increasing concentrations of NaCl, NaBr and KH2PO4. The microspheres were observed to have a spherical shape and the measured particle size values varied between 52.1 and 81.5 µm. The released amounts of the drug were found to be low as the inorganic salt concentrations increased.Conclusion: Conclusively, drug release in stomach pH was significantly prevented by the microspheres prepared using Eudragit® S 100 polymer, and these formulations are considered to be a model for other orally administered drugs with similar problems.

Application of central composite design to the partition of perrhenate anion in aqueous two phase system Na2MoO4 + PEG 4000 + H2O

Syncytiotrophoblast basal membrane-derived exosomes increase NO generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Thermodynamics and phase separation phenomenon of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate in micellar solutions containing inorganic salts

Rheological properties of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/sodium oleate mixed system in the presence of different inorganic salts

Solvent extraction of butanol from synthetic solution and fermentation broth: Batch and continuous studies

The present study investigated the partition and extraction conduct of Cu (II) in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)–zinc sulfate in the presence of ammonium thiocyanate as an extractor. The polymer weight percent in the feed (20, 25, and 30%), salt weight percent in the feed (15, 23, and 31%), polymer molecular weight (2000, 4000, and 6000 g.mol-1), and the pH (2.5, 3.6, and 4.7) are the determiners of the partition coefficient of Cu (II) in the target system. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was taken into account to investigate the impacts of various parameters on the partition coefficient of Cu (II) by a quadratic model. High F-value (50.58), very low P-value (<0.0001), non-significant lack of fit, the determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9793) demonstrate an excellent correlation between experimental and predicted values of the response. The model results indicated that the pH and weight percent of the salt in the feed had major and minor effects on the copper ion partition coefficient, respectively. The pH of ATPS can alter the Cu (II) partition coefficient through the variation of the copper ion net charge. The weight percent of polymer in the feed decreased the partition coefficients. Moreover, by increasing the polymer molecular weight, the partition coefficient of Cu (II) was increased. The highest value for the productivity of Cu ions extraction was found to be 93.3% with regard to the excellent separation factors (pH = 4.7, PEG molecular weight = 6000, PEG concentration = 20 and salt concentration = 15)

In this study a suitable alcohol/salt aqueous two‐phase (ATP) system was selected for the recovery of 1,3‐propandiol (1,3‐PD) from fermentation broth. From the different alcohol/salt systems studied the ethanol and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate ATP system appeared to be favorable. To examine the potential of this ATP system the partition coefficient of 1,3‐PD in synthetic solutions was first optimized with the response surface methodology. The parameters studied were concentrations of ethanol (21.99–38.81% w/w), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (14.99–31.81% w/w) and 1,3‐PD (6.36–73.64 g/L). The optimum conditions were found to be 35.39% w/w for ethanol, 28.40% w/w for dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 73.6 g/L for 1,3‐PD. Under these conditions the maximum partition coefficient of 1,3‐PD and the extraction yield were determined as 23.14 and 97.82%, respectively. The optimum extraction conditions were then used to guide the recovery of 1,3‐PD from a real fermentation broth. The partition coefficient and extraction yield of 1,3‐PD reached 20.28–97.20% in this case, respectively. A favorable partition of the organic acids lactate, acetate and butyrate in the bottom phase was also achieved. We have also studied the removal of cells and macromolecules from the broth. Removal ratio of cells and proteins were 96.47 and 93.05%, respectively. Thus, the ethanol/dipotassium hydrogen phosphate ATP system appears to be an interesting alternative or can be used as one useful step in the downstream processing of 1,3‐PD from fermentation broth.