Abstract
Second Law efficiency is a useful parameter for characterizing the energy requirements of a system in relation to the limits of performance prescribed by the Laws of Thermodynamics. However, since energy costs typically represent less than 50% of the overall cost of product for many large-scale plants (and, in particular, for desalination plants), it is useful to have a parameter that can characterize both energetic and economic effects. In this paper, an economics-based Second Law efficiency is defined by analogy to the exergetic Second Law efficiency and is applied to several desalination systems. It is defined as the ratio of the minimum cost of producing a product divided by the actual cost of production. The minimum cost of producing the product is equal to the cost of the primary source of energy times the minimum amount of energy required, as governed by the Second Law. The analogy is used to show that thermodynamic irreversibilities can be assigned costs and compared directly to non-energetic costs, such as capital expenses, labor and other operating costs. The economics-based Second Law efficiency identifies costly sources of irreversibility and places these irreversibilities in context with the overall system costs. These principles are illustrated through three case studies. First, a simple analysis of multistage flash and multiple effect distillation systems is performed using available data. Second, a complete energetic and economic model of a reverse osmosis plant is developed to show how economic costs are influenced by energetics. Third, a complete energetic and economic model of a solar powered direct contact membrane distillation system is developed to illustrate the true costs associated with so-called free energy sources.
Highlights
Substantial research in desalination has been conducted in recent decades in order to develop more efficient and economical technologies, both to provide potable water and to remediate industrial process waters [1,2].Several energetics-based performance parameters are regularly used in the desalination industry in order to describe the energy requirements of various technologies and to compare the energy efficiency of systems
The following conclusions have been reached: (1) An economics-based Second Law efficiency is defined in analogy to the exergetics-based Second
When the energy costs are expressed in terms of the cost of exergy destroyed, all other costs (CAPEX, labor, replacement, etc.) can be likened to exergetic irreversibilities and viewed as “losses.”
Summary
Substantial research in desalination has been conducted in recent decades in order to develop more efficient and economical technologies, both to provide potable water and to remediate industrial process waters [1,2]. Several energetics-based performance parameters are regularly used in the desalination industry in order to describe the energy requirements of various technologies and to compare the energy efficiency of systems. These performance parameters include specific electricity consumption (SEC), gained output ratio (GOR), performance ratio (PR), least heat and least work, and Second Law efficiency [3,4]. Second Law efficiency references the energy consumed to the theoretical minimum energy requirements (minimum least work of separation) and, is an expression of how close a real-world system is to achieving the reversible limit of energy efficiency This parameter is limited in that it only captures exergetic effects. While only desalination technologies are considered these methods are completely general and can be applied to any type of system
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