Abstract
Considerable effort is being made to reduce the primary energy consumption in buildings. As part of this effort, fuel cell systems are attracting attention as a new/renewable energy systems for several reasons: (i) distributed generation system; (ii) combined heat and power system; and (iii) availability of various sources of hydrogen in the future. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an economic and environmental assessment model for selecting the optimal implementation strategy of the fuel cell system, focusing on building energy policy. This study selected two types of buildings (i.e., residential buildings and non-residential buildings) as the target buildings and considered two types of building energy policies (i.e., the standard of energy cost calculation and the standard of a government subsidy). This study established the optimal implementation strategy of the fuel cell system in terms of the life cycle cost and life cycle CO2 emissions. For the residential building, it is recommended that the subsidy level and the system marginal price level be increased. For the non-residential building, it is recommended that gas energy cost be decreased and the system marginal price level be increased. The developed model could be applied to any other country or any other type of building according to building energy policy.
Highlights
Energy depletion and global warming due to careless use of primary energy have resulted in a global environmental crisis [1,2,3]
The focus in this study is to show that an optimal implementation strategy for fuel cell systems can be obtained when an economic and environmental assessment model is developed, focusing on building energy policy
The developed model was applied to the two types of buildings, which considered the following two type of building energy policies: (i) the standard of energy cost calculation; and (ii) the standard of a government subsidy
Summary
Energy depletion and global warming due to careless use of primary energy have resulted in a global environmental crisis [1,2,3]. Among the various sectors that cause environmental load, the building sector consumes a considerable part of the global primary energy, and various efforts are being made globally to solve this issue [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Considering the fact that various efficient methods for getting hydrogen from eco-friendly materials (i.e., biomass, ethanol, minerals and water) are currently being developed in many countries, fuel cell systems should be regarded as future NREs [29,30,31,32,33,34].
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