Abstract
In Bangladesh, migrant worker’s remittances constitute one of the most significant sources of external finance. This paper investigates the existence of relation between remittance inflow and GDP and the causal link between them in Bangladesh by employing the Granger causality test under a VECM framework. Using time series data over a 38 year period, we found that growth in remittances does lead to economic growth in Bangladesh. In addition to the relationship, this paper also points out some issues that are working as impediments in getting remittance and give some recommendations to overcome those impediments.
Highlights
In the European Union, extended producer responsibility (EPR) means a set of measures that include accepting returned products and the waste that remains after those products have been used, and the subsequent management of the waste and financial responsibility for such activities1
This paper aims to explore the relationships of the performance of producer responsibility organizations (PROs) for waste oil, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), and end-of-life vehicles (ELV)
SIG and vehicle production (VP) are not cointegrated variables; subsequently, it was not a stable relationship between these variables. Results suggest it was because EPR was applied in WEEE PRO join with a deposit refund system (DRS); EPR in ELV PRO had been applied without subsidies to purchase cars
Summary
In the European Union, extended producer responsibility (EPR) means a set of measures that include accepting returned products and the waste that remains after those products have been used, and the subsequent management of the waste and financial responsibility for such activities. EPR includes organizational responsibility and responsibility to contribute to waste prevention and the reusability and recyclability of products. These obligations can be fulfilled by producers of products individually or collectively. Regarding waste oil, which in Europe applies to Directive 2008/98/EC, in Spain, Royal Decree 679/2006 on waste oils establishing EPR in managing waste oils. For this purpose, Spanish waste oil regulation set the ecological objectives of collecting 95% of the waste oils generated and valorizing 100% of the waste oils recovered in 2006 and regenerating 55% and 65% of the recovered oils in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The manufacturers of lubricants, to comply with the obligations arising from Royal Decree 679/2006, established in 2007 the Integrated Management System of Waste Oil (SIGAUS), by which the lubricant oil producers finance the management of waste oils through their contribution to SIGAUS of 0.06 euros per kilogram of the industrial oil they put on the market
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